Pressure distribution on an ellipto-zhukovsky aerofoil Essay Example

Weight appropriation on an ellipto-zhukovsky aerofoil Paper The weight conveyance around an Ellipto Zhukovsky aerofoil with a harmony of 254 mm at a scope of approaches (- 4? , 7? what's more, 15? ) was resolved and constrain commitments to lift were assessed in a T3 air stream at City University. This was completed at a harmony Reynolds number of 3. 9 x 105. Diagrams for lift and pitching second coefficients were plotted against approaches. A diagram for Cm and Cl was additionally plotted from which the streamlined focus was resolved to be 23. 7%. The estimation of lift bend slant was resolved to be 4. 4759. Subsequently the estimation of k (the proportion of the genuine lift bend slant to the hypothetical one) for this aerofoil was resolved to be 0. 917. The estimation of Cmo was likewise seen as 0. 0172. Example counts for 15 degrees approach can be found in the index segment. Rundown OF SYMBOLS Cp Pressure Coefficient Cpu Pressure Coefficient of upper surface Cpl Pressure Coefficient of lower surface Cl Lift Coefficient Cm Moment Coefficient x/c Position of weight tapping on aerofoil separated by harmony length Px Pressure at tapping x (Pa) Patm Atmospheric Pressure (Pa) ? Thickness of air (kg/m3) I Dynamic consistency ? Kinematics consistency (m/s2) We will compose a custom paper test on Pressure conveyance on an ellipto-zhukovsky aerofoil explicitly for you for just $16.38 $13.9/page Request now We will compose a custom paper test on Pressure dissemination on an ellipto-zhukovsky aerofoil explicitly for you FOR ONLY $16.38 $13.9/page Recruit Writer We will compose a custom paper test on Pressure dissemination on an ellipto-zhukovsky aerofoil explicitly for you FOR ONLY $16.38 $13.9/page Recruit Writer h Digital manometer perusing ? edge of which manometer is slanted D or t Diameter of chamber (mm) h burrow stature (mm) V Velocity of wind current (m/s) R Molar gas consistent (J/kg. K) T Temperature (K) Re Reynolds Number INTRODUCTION An airfoil is any piece of a plane that is intended to create lift. Those pieces of the plane explicitly intended to deliver lift incorporate the wing and the tail surface. In present day airplane, the planners for the most part give an airfoil shape to even the fuselage. A fuselage may not create a lot of lift, and this lift may not be delivered until the airplane is flying generally quick, however all of lift makes a difference. The principal fruitful aerofoil hypothesis was created by Zhukov sky and depended on changing a circle onto an aerofoil-molded shape. This change gave a cusped trailing edge, thus the change was adjusted to get a thin semi-overshadow trailing edge, which offered ascend to the name Ellipto Zhukovsky. At the point when a surge of wind currents past an aerofoil, there are nearby changes in speed around the aerofoil, and thus changes in static weight as per Bernoullis hypothesis. The conveyance of weight decides the lift, pitching second, structure drag, and focus of weight of the aerofoil. In our analysis we are worried about the impact of weight circulation on lift, pitching second coefficient (Cm), and focal point of weight. The focal point of weight can be characterized as the point on the aerofoil where Cm is zero, and in this way the streamlined impacts by then might be spoken to by the lift and drag alone. A positive weight coefficient suggests a weight more prominent than the free stream esteem, and a negative weight coefficient infers a weight not exactly the free stream esteem (and is regularly alluded to as attractions). Likewise, at the stagnation point, Cp has its greatest estimation of 1 (which can be seen by plotting Cp against x/c). Zhucovsky guaranteed that the aerofoil produces adequate dissemination to discourage the back stagnation point from its situation, without flow, down to the (sharp) trailing edge. There is adequate proof of a physical sort to legitimize this speculation and the accompanying brief depiction of the Experiment on an aerofoil may serve accommodating. The trial centers around the weight dispersion around the Zhucovsky airfoil at a low speed and the attributes related with an airfoil:â coefficient of lift,â coefficient of pitching momentâ and focus of weight. The airfoil is made sure about to the two sides of the air stream with pressure tappings made as little as conceivable not to influence the flow,(appendix-photograph 1 . The weight distinction around the airfoil is estimated with twenty-five manometer readings which are recorded for each approach. The manometer liquid is liquor and has a particular gravity of 0. 83 and slanted at a point of 30 degrees. Cylinder 1 is left open to climatic weight, while tubes 2-13 are the lower surface of the airfoil and cylinders 14-24 are the upper surface of the airfoil. The weight recordings are situated on the airfoil a good ways off x/c, noted in the outcomes table and cylinder 35 is the static weight of the air stream. The dynamic weight is given by a computerized manometer. The computerized readout results were utilized for all computations since they are increasingly exact. Results Raw information and determined qualities for x/c, Cp and Cp(x/c) can be found in the addendum. Charts of Cp against x/c for approaches - 4, 7, and 15 degrees can be additionally be found in the reference section. These charts decide the lift coefficient. Tallying the squares strategy was utilized to decide the estimations of Cl. Diagrams of Cp*(x/c) against x/c for approaches - 4, 7, and 15 degrees can be additionally be found in the reference section. These diagrams decide the pitch second coefficient. Checking the squares technique was utilized to decide the estimations of Cm. Diagrams of Cl against approach ,Cm against approach, and Cm against Cl can be found in the reference section. Additionally underneath is a synopsis of the outcomes: Angle of Attack (degrees) Cl Cm - 4 - 0. 513 0. 153 7 0. 740 - 0. 166 15 0. 946 - 0. 183 Discussion The test was directed in a low speed, shut air stream, working at roughly half of its speed. The aerofoil was mounted in the air stream and its weight recordings associated with a manometer slanted at 30 degrees to the even. The tallness of the fluid in every manometer tube spoke to the weight following up on every one of the aerofoil recordings. The weight in the working area, and the weight at the venturi delta were considered, and a subsequent air stream speed was shown on an advanced manometer. The Reynolds number was determined (see reference section. Estimations of Cl and Cm for different approaches were gotten from different gatherings directing the trial, and were utilized to acquire progressively precise diagrams. It was additionally discovered that the incline of the Cl against approach diagram was 4. 4759, which was not moderately near the hypothetical estimation of 7. 105. The streamlined focus was determined at 23. 7% of the harmony length (from the slant of the Cm against Cl diagram). It was discovered that the lift expanded with approach, to a certain degree where the aerofoil encounters slow down, and an emotional loss of lift happens. As there was little change in the lower surface weight conveyance, the lift was basically created because of the upper surface attractions. As the approach expands, the stature of the upper surface pull pinnacle should increment, and push ahead, showing that the focal point of weight is pushing ahead. Be that as it may, tentatively this was not unmistakable, and can be credited to a potential aggravation in the weight appropriation around the aerofoil. At zero degrees approach, for a balanced aerofoil, lift and Cm should rise to zero. The explanation that they were not zero implies that the aerofoil more likely than not had a little approach. The disparity between the hypothetical and trial estimation of lift bend slant is because of limit layer impacts, and the impact of the thickness of the aerofoil, and in this way the hypothetical worth should be duplicated by the k esteem (=0. 917) to acquire the trial result. End The point of the test was accomplished with a moderately decent degree of trial exactness. The weight dispersion over an aerofoil contributes towards the lift and pitching second coefficient, where the expansion in attractions on the upper surface (because of an expanded approach) builds the lift, and pitching second coefficient. The variety of weight appropriation additionally influences the area of the focal point of weight. The variables which influenced the weight appropriation, were predominantly the thickness and the Reynolds number. In any case, with regards to contrasting the outcomes and their hypothetical qualities it is obvious to see that there have been noteworthy blunders have happened in the test. These are recorded beneath. Human mistakes in perusing of the manometer tubes. Where a few people were included and this prompted various methods being utilized it would have been best for everybody to take their own arrangement of readings and the normal worth determined utilizing all the information. The most widely recognized mistake without subterranean insect question was parallax and this could have been kept away from by utilizing computerized estimating gadgets. Computation blunders I. e. adjusting, change mistake and blunder happening when the zone under the charts was determined for the coefficient of lift.â Experimental mistakes a portion of the tapping may have been inadequate and insufficient tapping were given. Likewise to acquire a superior lift bend incline there ought to have more approaches. Additionally any checks before the air stream, for example, individuals would make superfluous disturbance inside the air stream. Reference section Specimen Calculations.

Aesthetics essays

Style papers Style is worried about the manner in which an article influences our faculties, especially in visual terms. When a plan has been finished individuals will need to assess or censure it. They may remark on how well it functions however their underlying responses will most likely be founded on its feel characteristics. Feel covers a scope of elements, which influence one another. For instance, each shape is comprised of lines. It has an extent and could be portrayed as adjusted, even, dynamic or static in appearance. These words help us to impart data about shapes and thusly assist us with looking at our sentiments towards them. Feel considers an entire scope of components, for example, These are recognizable terms and the majority of us could utilize them to remark on specific parts of item plan. There are less recognizable terms, for example, congruity, cadence, solidarity and equalization, which can likewise be utilized to communicate sentiments and conclusions about an item. Taking a gander at the light for instance, I would need to include a portion of these element referenced above so my item can be as stylishly satisfying as could be expected under the circumstances. Saying as I am taking a gander at a subject of Art Nouveau, I could either have the real structure of the item an Art Nouveau plan, or I could join the structure of Art Nouveau onto the side of the item. A certain working information on style will set aside effort to ace. Each planner will get used to settling on and legitimizing structure choices that include the style of the items they are planning. They will see how feel can influence individuals and become thoughtful towards various market bunches tastes, societies and styles. In the structure of any item style is significant, yet for this specific venture it is the most significant factor on the grounds that because of the way that I am planning for an Art Nouveau room, I need to make the feel look have a bit of Art No ... <!

How Psychologists Define Attention

How Psychologists Define Attention Theories Cognitive Psychology Print How Psychologists Define Attention By Kendra Cherry facebook twitter Kendra Cherry, MS, is an author, educational consultant, and speaker focused on helping students learn about psychology. Learn about our editorial policy Kendra Cherry Medically reviewed by Medically reviewed by Steven Gans, MD on January 17, 2016 Steven Gans, MD is board-certified in psychiatry and is an active supervisor, teacher, and mentor at Massachusetts General Hospital. Learn about our Medical Review Board Steven Gans, MD Updated on April 25, 2019 Plume Creative / Digital Vision / Getty Images More in Theories Cognitive Psychology Behavioral Psychology Developmental Psychology Personality Psychology Social Psychology Biological Psychology Psychosocial Psychology Attention is a concept studied in cognitive psychology that refers to how we actively process specific information in our environment. As you are reading this, there are numerous sights, sounds, and sensations going on around youâ€"the pressure of your feet against the floor, the sight of the street out of a nearby window, the soft warmth of your shirt, the memory of a conversation you had earlier with a friend. All of these sights, sounds, and sensations vie for our attention, but it turns out that our attentional resources are not limitless. How do we manage to experience all of these sensations and still focus on just one element of our environment? How do we effectively manage the resources we have available in order to make sense of the world around us? Attention as Defined by Philosopher William James According to eminent psychologist and philosopher William James, attention is the taking possession by the mind, in clear and vivid form, of one out of what may seem several simultaneously possible objects or trains of thought. …It implies withdrawal from some things in order to deal effectively with others.â€"The Principles of Psychology, 1890?? Understanding Attention Think of attention as a highlighter. As you read through a section of text in a book, the highlighted section stands out, causing you to focus your interest in that area. But attention is not just about centering your focus on one particular thing; it also involves ignoring a great deal of competing for information and stimuli. Attention allows you to tune out information, sensations, and perceptions that are not relevant at the moment and instead focus your energy on the information thats important.? Not only does our attentional system allow us to focus on something specific in our environment while tuning out irrelevant details, but it also affects our perception of the stimuli surrounding us. In some cases, our attention might be focused on a particular thing, causing us to ignore other things. In some instances, focusing our attention on a primary target might result in not perceiving the second target at all. In other words, by focusing our attention on something in the environment, we sometimes miss other things that are right in front of us. You can probably immediately think of a situation where you were so focused on a task that you neglected to notice someone walking in the room or talking to you. Since your attentional resources were so focused on one thing, you neglected something else. Key Points About Attention In order to understand how attention works and how it affects your perception and experience of the world, its essential to remember a few important points about how attention works, including: Attention is limited. There has been a tremendous amount of research looking at exactly how many things we can attend to and for how long. Key variables that impact our ability to stay on task include how interested we are in the stimulus and how many distractors we experience and attention is limited in terms of both capacity and duration. The illusion that attention is limitless has led many people to practice multitasking. Research published in 2018 has pointed out how multitasking seldom works well because our attention is, in reality, limited.??Attention is selective.  Since attention is a limited resource, we have to be selective about what we decide to focus on. Not only must we focus our attention on a specific item in our environment, but we must also filter out an enormous number of other items. We must be selective in what we attend to, a process that often occurs so quickly that we dont even notice that we have ignored certain stimuli in favor of others.Attention is a bas ic part of the cognitive system.  Attention is a basic component of our biology, present even at birth. Our orienting reflexes help us determine which events in our environment need to be attended to, a process that aids in our ability to survive. Newborns attend to environmental stimuli such as loud noises. A touch against the cheek triggers the rooting reflex, causing the infant to turn his or her head to nurse and receive nourishment. These orienting reflexes continue to benefit us throughout life. The honk of a horn might alert us about an oncoming car. The blaring noise of a smoke alarm might warn you that the casserole you put in the oven is burning. All of these stimuli grab our attention and inspire us to respond to our environment. Attention Research for Greater Understanding of ADHD For the most part, our ability to focus our attention on one thing while blocking out competing distractors seems automatic. Yet the ability of people to selectively focus their attention on a specific subject while dismissing others is very complex. Looking at attention in this way isnt just academic. Research published in 2017 says that neural circuitry (pathways in the brain) related to attention are intricately related to conditions such as attention-deficit/hyperactivity disorder (ADHD) and achieving a greater understanding of this process holds promise for better treatments for those coping with this condition down the line.??

Is the Wife of Bath a Feminist Character

Of all the narrators in Geoffrey Chaucers Canterbury Tales, the Wife of Bath is the one most commonly identified as feminist — though some analysts conclude instead that she is a depiction of negative images of women as judged by her time. Was the Wife of Bath in the Canterbury Tales a feminist character? How does she, as a character, assess womens role in life and in marriage? How does she assess the role of control within a marriage and how much control should or do married women hold?  How does her experience of marriage and men, expressed in the books prologue, get reflected in the tale itself? The Wife of Bath Analysis The Wife of Bath portrays herself in the prologue to her tale as sexually experienced, and advocates for women having more than one sexual partner (as men were assumed to be able to do). She sees sex as a positive experience and says that she would not want to be a virgin — one of the models of ideal femininity taught by her culture and the church of that time. She also makes the assertion that in marriage, there should be equality and says each should â€Å"obey each other.† Within her marriages, she describes how she was also able to have some control, even though men were supposed to be dominant, through her wit. Also, she takes on the reality that violence towards women was common and considered acceptable. One of her husbands hit her so hard that she went deaf in one ear. She did not accept the violence as a man’s prerogative only, and so she hit him back (on the cheek).  She’s also not the ideal medieval model of a married woman, because she has no children. She talks about the many books of the time, which depict women as manipulative and depict marriage as especially dangerous for men who want to be scholars. Her third husband, she says, had a book that was a collection of all these texts. Ongoing Theme In the tale itself, she continues some of these themes.  The tale, set in the time of the Round Table and King Arthur, has as its main character a man (a knight). The knight, happening on a woman traveling alone rapes her, assuming she is a peasant, and then finds out that she was actually of the nobility. Queen Guinevere tells him she will spare him the death penalty if, within a year and ten days, he discovers what women desire most. And so, he sets out on the quest. He finds a woman who tells him that she will give him this secret if he marries her. Though she is ugly and deformed, he does so because his life is at stake.  Then, she tells him that women’s desire is to control their husbands, so he can make a choice: she can become beautiful if she is in control and he is submissive, or she can stay ugly and he can stay in control.  He gives her the choice, instead of taking it himself. So she becomes beautiful and gives him back control over her.  Critics debate whether this is an anti-feminist or feminist conclusion.  Those who find it anti-feminist note that ultimately, the woman accepts control by her husband.  Those who find it feminist point out that her beauty, and thus her appeal to him, is because he gave her the power to make her own choice and this acknowledges the usually-unrecognized powers of women.

Brownies by ZZ Packer Essay - 1116 Words

The writer ZZ Packer’s short story, â€Å"Brownies,† is about a troop of African-American Girl Scouts from south Atlanta that takes a camping trip; unfortunately, almost instantly, imaginary tensions build up between them and Troop 909, a group of white girls; struggle that later in this story develops as the main external conflict. Arnetta and Octavia, appear as the leaders of the group, and insist that the 909 girls called one of their group a derogatory word which is the starting point of the conflict. Consequently, a confrontation rapidly takes place between the teams, but this quarrel turns awry when the African-American girls realize the white members of Troop 909 are developmentally disabled and it becomes clear to the reader that†¦show more content†¦In this excerpt ZZ Packer clearly points out that the aversion the girls feel towards the whites is not based on their own experiences, but rather their families. According to their parents, dealing with â €Å"whites† was a problem every adult had to face. Lauren’s statement clearly exposes the young African-American girls’ lack of reasoning on racism, and thus portrays the parents as the responsible for the children’s behavior. Resentment on behalf of the parents did indeed have a huge impact in the brownies. Pursuing this situation further, racial segregation the African American brownies experienced in their communities, is the major cause of affliction in the young children. Lauren affirms: When you live in the suburbs of Atlanta, it was easy to forget about whites. Whites were like those pigeons: real and existing, but rarely seen or thought about†¦everyone had seen white girls and their mother coo-coing over dresses; everyone had gone to downtown library and seen white businessmen swish by importantly, wrists flexed in front of them to check the time as though they would change from Clark Kent into Superman†¦those images were a fleeing as cards shuffled in a deck, where as the ten white girls behind us were real and memorable (179). In this excerpt, whites are perceived as the superior race in an all-blackShow MoreRelated`` Brownies `` By Zz Packer936 Words   |  4 PagesIn the short story â€Å"Brownies† by ZZ Packer there are a few different settings throughout the story. The use of multiple settings serve as a purpose to establish the mood of the story, and give the reader better insight to the characters and the theme of â€Å"Brownies,† racism. The conflict of Arnetta claiming that one of the girls from Troop 909 called Daphne the n word is tied in with the theme of story, and the setting of where Laurel, the narrator lives, the type of school her and the rest of herRead MoreBrownies, by ZZ Packer Essay1209 Words   |  5 PagesIn the short story â€Å"Brownies,† author ZZ Packer uses the narrator, Laurel, to explore the tensions that exist between belonging to a community and maintaining individuality. While away at camp with her brownie troop, she finds herself torn between achievi ng group inclusion and sustaining her own individualism. Although the events of the short story occur at Camp Crescendo, Packer is able to expand (and parallel) this struggle for identity beyond the camp’s walls and into the racially segregated societyRead MoreAnalysis Of The Book Brownies By Zz Packer1749 Words   |  7 PagesBrownies Introduction Brownies is a story by ZZ Packer, who is a contemporary African American writer. The story appears in her short story collection Drinking Coffee Elsewhere, which was published in 2003. The story provides a platform that reveals the strenuous relationship between the African American and the Whites during the mid of the twentieth century. The story entails the Brownie troop of fourth grade African American girls who went to a summer camp. During their camping, they did encounterRead MoreEveryday Use By Alice Walker1735 Words   |  7 Pages â€Å"Everyday Use† by Alice Walker and â€Å"Brownies† by ZZ Packer are two different short stories with different lessons but both talk about the topic of race. Both stories talks about the time in the 20th century when slavery just ended but racism are still active between African Americans and Caucasians. Walker described a story about a single African American mother who is waiting for her daughter to arrive from college. Packer described a story about these African American fourth graders who are inRead MoreAnalysis Of The LessonAndBrownies1464 Words   |  6 Pagesabout a fictional person or place the author has the ability to speak about serious topics without causing any friction with people who may be involved with that particular situation. For example, in â€Å"The Lesson† by Toni Cade Bambara and â€Å"Brownies† by ZZ Packer the authors touch on multiple themes which range from the value of education to the impact that the socioeconomic status of a neighborhood or family has on children. The stories are very similar in a sense that they are both centered aroundRead MoreBrownies Short Story973 Words   |  4 Pages In ZZ Packer’s short story, Brownies, we are introduced to two girl scout troops at Camp Crescendo. Laurel’s girl scout troop, consisting of all African American girls, immediately accuses a girl from troop 909, consisting of all caucasian girls, of calling one of them a â€Å"nigger.† Armed with a plan to attack troop 909, to â€Å"teach them a lesson,† Laurel’s troop escapes the watchful eyes of their leaders to confront troop 909. The conflict of the story arises when the girls in troop 909 vehementlyRead MoreZz Packer Essay examples650 Words   |  3 Pagesinfiltrating the minds of many young readers alike. There are several hidden gems though, one example being a very short story, â€Å"Brownies,† written by a magnificent author, ZZ Packer. The story â€Å"Brownies† is a story that many people of cultural value can relate to, for it has many moral values in it. In my honest opinion, although the book was written far more recently, I find that ZZ Packer has the mindset of an â€Å"Old American voice.† She does not write about ridiculous stories with ridiculous action, howeverRead MoreRacial Segregation and Prejudice in Brownies938 Words   |  4 Pages â€Å"Brownies† is a short story written by author, ZZ Packer, which takes place at Camp Crescendo, a summer camp near the suburbs of Atlanta, Georgia. The story surrounds a group of African American Brownie girls, in the fourth grade, who journey to this campsite for a camping experience. On the trip, they encounter another brownie group comprised of white girls, all of who are mentally handicapped. â€Å"Brownies† is told from a first person involved point of view, through a fellow Brownie member fromRead MoreBrownies661 Words   |  3 PagesNavigate Brownies: Introduction Brownies: ZZ Packer Biography Brownies: Summary Brownies: Characters Brownies: Themes Brownies: Style Brownies: Historical Context Brownies: Critical Overview Brownies: Criticism Bryan Aubrey Thomson Gale David Wiegand Brownies: Topics for Further Study Brownies: What Do I Read Next? Brownies: Bibliography and Further Reading Brownies: Pictures Copyright Brownies: Introduction PrintPDFCite . â€Å"Brownies† is aRead MoreRacial Segregation and Prejudice in ZZ Packers Brownies1093 Words   |  5 PagesThe short story, â€Å"Brownies† is written by author, ZZ Packer. It surrounds a group of African American Brownie girls in the fourth grade who journey to a campsite situated near the suburbs of Atlanta, Georgia, called Camp Crescendo. On the trip, they encounter another brownie group comprised of white girls, all of who are mentally handicapped. â€Å"Brownies† is told from a first person involved point of view, through a Brownie member from the African American troop, named Laurel. Because the story takes

The Forbidden Game The Hunter Chapter 11 Free Essays

What’s taking them so long?† Dee said. Audrey and Michael had gone off to see if they could find Zach, who they figured must be around here somewhere. Or if they could find water-or a blanket-or something-for Jenny. We will write a custom essay sample on The Forbidden Game: The Hunter Chapter 11 or any similar topic only for you Order Now Jenny was in bad shape. She was slumped against the slanting mirrored wall opposite Summer’s door -what had been Summer’s door. There wasn’t a trace of the exit from Summer’s nightmare left, but Jenny wouldn’t leave this place. Jenny ached. All she could think of, in between waves of grayness, was Summer. Summer had joined their group in fourth grade, after she, Tom, Dee, Zach, and Michael were already friends. Tiny, muddled, and very sweet, Summer had needed to be taken care of, and taking care was what Jenny did best. But not this time. This time Jenny had screwed up. And Summer was gone. Jenny still didn’t believe it had really happened. Summer would come walking out of that mirror any second now, all thistledown hair and dark blue eyes. Any second now. Summer didn’t. Jenny let her head drop back against the wall. â€Å"I’m going to look for them,† Dee said. â€Å"They’ve been too long, they might be in trouble. You stay here, okay? Promise you’ll stay right here.† Her voice was slow and clear, the voice you’d use to talk to a child. Eyes shut, Jenny made some slight motion with her head. â€Å"Okay. I’ll be back in a minute.† Jenny’s mind drifted back into a haze. Summer climbing a tree at camp, Summer at Newport Beach falling off a surfboard, Summer at school chewing on a pencil. Summer laughing, Summer puzzled, Summer’s blue eyes filled with tears. She didn’t have a mean bone in her body, Jenny thought. She was a good person. Something like this can’t happen to a good person. Can it? She saw the flash even through closed lids. Summer! she thought, opening her eyes. But the mirror in front of her showed only her own pale, anxious face and disarrayed hair. Maybe it had come from the side. Which way? On her feet, Jenny looked to the right and left, dazzled by the multiple reflections. She didn’t even know which way Dee had gone. She went right, veering back and forth around the zigzag mirrors. Turning a corner, she saw dozens of reflections of a round blue light bulb. She caught her breath sharply. The blue light was on, the red button beneath it was depressed. Beside it was a dark rectangle-an open door. Numb to caution, Jenny poked her head in. She could see only darkness inside. None of the light from the hallway seemed to penetrate. Had Audrey and Michael gone in here? Had Dee? Could Summer – With a click the button popped out, the door began to close. Jenny had an instant to choose: jump back or jump forward. She jumped forward. The door slid noiselessly shut behind her, and she stared around, trying to see in the gloom. She could make out shapes like a row of shelves, something on a tripod, a tall lamp. Then she knew where she was. It was dim simply because the lights were off. As her eyes adjusted she recognized a giant mural print on one wall. It showed cafeteria tables stacked in a glorious pyramid, one trash can on each end at each level-a marvel of engineering. Jenny knew that picture well. She, Tom, and Dee had spent an entire night stacking those tables and listening to Zach’s imperious demands for â€Å"one more shot.† It had been one of the more hysterical and terrifying adventures of their sophomore year. This was her cousin Zach’s garage, converted into a studio. It felt almost like home-but there was no one in sight. The darkroom, Jenny thought, and followed the special L-shaped hallway Zach had built-a light trap, he called it-to the little room nestled within the garage. She pushed aside the curtain at the entrance. The amber safe light shone on a single figure’s back, on a flannel shirt and a casual ponytail. â€Å"Zach!† Jenny ran to him, but he didn’t turn around. â€Å"Zach, it’s me, Jenny. Zach-what are you doing?† He was gently rocking a tray full of chemicals with a print in it. His body was stiff and resistant, but Jenny turned him by force. Even in this light she could see he looked-tranced. The look she’d seen first in the living room when he’d insisted on turning more game cards, and then in the parlor when all the rest of them were freaking out. â€Å"Oh, Zach, what’s wrong with you?† she said and threw her arms around him. She’d been worried about him all night; she’d been planning to comfort him, to help. But now she didn’t have the strength. She desperately needed help herself. He scarcely seemed to notice she was there. He pushed her away and turned back to agitating the tray. â€Å"Zachary, did Dee come in here? Have you seen Audrey or Michael?† His voice was slow, dragging, but matter-of-fact. â€Å"I haven’t seen anybody. I was sitting out there. Where the mirrors are. Then I saw a flashgun go off. When I looked for it, I found a door. I pushed the button and went in.† A flashgun-of course, that was how Zach would interpret the bursts of light in the hallway. â€Å"But what are you doing?† Jenny said. â€Å"It was all set up for me. The print was already in the developer.† Somewhere a timer went off, and he pulled away from Jenny’s reaching hand. â€Å"I have to rinse it now.† Jenny blinked painfully as he turned the white light on. She watched his careful, clever fingers as he rinsed the print and plastered it wetly against the wall, standing back to evaluate it, frowning. â€Å"Zach, please. You have to listen.† The numbness over Summer was wearing off. Zach was her blood relative, and right here, and in trouble. In this light she could see how pale his narrow face was. She could also see the fixed look in his clear gray eyes. â€Å"Don’t you realize this is your nightmare? We can’t waste time-we have to find a door to get out. Zach!† He pushed her away again. â€Å"I have to finish this job. I have to †¦Ã¢â‚¬  She was barely in time to catch him as he collapsed. But when she did he didn’t push her away again. He clung to her like a frightened child. â€Å"Jenny †¦ sorry†¦Ã¢â‚¬  â€Å"It’s okay.† She held him tightly, almost rocking him. â€Å"It’s okay, I’m here. That’s what cousins are for.† After a minute he tried to straighten up, but she still held him, encouraging him to hold her back. She needed comfort as much as he did, and Zach had always been there for her. Before their families had moved out to California, she and Zach had lived next door to each other. They’d played Indians in the cherry orchard behind their houses. That was in the days before Zach decided he liked photographs better than people, when Zach’s gray eyes had been warm instead of winter-cool. Her cousin’s mind was obviously following the same track. â€Å"Just like when we were kids,† he said with what was probably supposed to be a laugh. â€Å"And you’d get all scraped up climbing trees, and we’d wash you with the hose so Aunt Lil wouldn’t get mad,† Jenny said. She laughed, herself, muffled against Zach’s shoulder. It was almost like crying. â€Å"Oh, Zach, I’m so glad I found you.† â€Å"Me, too.† He sighed. â€Å"I’ve been feeling pretty weird.† â€Å"Everything’s been awful,† Jenny said, and once again her voice was shaking badly. â€Å"I’ve been so scared-and now †¦Ã¢â‚¬  She couldn’t bring herself to mention Summer. The words stuck in her throat. â€Å"It’s okay,† he said. â€Å"We’re together now. We’ll make things okay.† A hose and a Band-Aid aren’t going to help this time, Jenny thought, but it was easier just to hold on to Zach. Tighter and tighter. Exchanging comfort without words. He was stroking her hair and it felt good-soothing. She seemed to feel strength flowing from his body to hers. And something else. A warmth that surprised her. Zach was usually so cool. Now he was holding her and caressing her almost as if she were some toddler that needed pacifying. Or-as if he weren’t her cousin, but her boyfriend. She pushed the thought away. Zach was just being kind. He wanted to help-and he was helping. She felt better, simply absorbing his sympathy, his affection. His-tenderness. She leaned against him, letting him support her weight. Feeling secure. Cared for. Safe. When he kissed the back of her neck, it was so tenderly it didn’t disturb the safe feeling. Zach was nice. She loved him; she was happy to know he loved her. When he kissed her again, an unexpected tremor ran through her. Now-she wasn’t supposed to feel like that. Not with Zach. He shouldn’t-he really shouldn’t†¦. But she didn’t want to pull away from him or spoil the moment. His lips were warm on the back of her neck. A shock of sweetness passed through Jenny, this time too strong to be ignored. That felt-she knew she mustn’t feel that way. Her hands went up to his arms, to push at him. â€Å"Zach,† she whispered. â€Å"I think we’re both-a little upset. We’re not ourselves.† â€Å"I know,† Zach said, as if it hurt him. â€Å"I’m sorry-I †¦Ã¢â‚¬  He straightened, loosening his grip a little, but then he kissed her hair. She felt his lips moving, felt his warm breath there. â€Å"Zachary,† she said. â€Å"It’s wrong. We’re cousins.† The problem was that although her words were strong, her voice wasn’t. She could barely breathe. And she didn’t move away. â€Å"Half cousins,† he said. It was true, although Jenny seldom thought of it-her mother and his were only half sisters. â€Å"And besides, I can’t help it. 1 can’t help it.† His kisses were coming faster. His urgency caught Jenny in a rush of elemental feeling. She kept thinking, but there’s something else-without remembering what the something was. Then she whispered, â€Å"But, Tom†¦Ã¢â‚¬ -and shock swept over her. She hadn’t thought about Tom since-since – She couldn’t remember when. Zach was saying that he couldn’t help Tom, either. â€Å"He doesn’t deserve you.† The words came on a warm wave of breath in her ear. â€Å"He doesn’t love you enough. I was always afraid to say it, but you know it’s true.† Despite his slimness Zach’s muscles were hard against her. Jenny tried to protest, but the words caught in her throat. â€Å"And now I know you don’t love him enough, either. You weren’t meant to be with him.† Zach’s voice was soft and reasonable, his words running together in a velvet sound. Then he was looking down at her. A clear light seemed to shine through his intense face. His winter-gray eyes looked almost pale blue. â€Å"You can’t fight something like this, Jenny,† he whispered. â€Å"You know you can’t.† Jenny shut her eyes and turned her face up. He kissed her and her senses reeled. They seemed to melt together. Jenny felt herself sinking beneath his embrace. So soft†¦ kissing had never been so soft before. She couldn’t think anymore. She was flying. She was deep underwater. Pure sensation overwhelmed her. She was kissing him back as she had never kissed Tom. His hair was loose under her fingers; it must have come out of the ponytail. She wanted to feel all of it. It was so much softer than she’d realized. She’d always thought of Zach as having rather coarse hair, but this was so soft†¦ like silk or cat’s fur under her fingertips†¦. She heard the wild, whimpering sound she made, and she knew, she knew, even as she was pulling back. Even as she was jerking away, she knew. Julian’s eyes were like liquid sapphires under sooty lashes. Heavy-lidded and dark with passion. He was wearing a plaid flannel shirt like Zach’s shirt, stone-washed denims like Zach’s denims, and running shoes like Zach’s shoes. But he had a languid, careless grace Zach would never have. His hair looked bright as sand in moonlight. Jenny was scrubbing her mouth with the back of her hand. A purely reflexive and senseless gesture. She was too shocked to be angry. Did I know? Did I know underneath before he kissed me or while he was kissing me but before I pulled away did I know could I possibly have known †¦ ? She still couldn’t make out what reality was. â€Å"How could you know†¦ ?† she whispered. â€Å"You acted like Zach-you knew things only he would know-â€Å" â€Å"I’ve watched him,† Julian said. â€Å"I’ve watched you. I’m the Shadow Man, Jenny-and I love you.† His voice was soft, mesmerizing, and something inside Jenny began to melt at the very sound. Then she thought of Summer. Anger, hot and bright, surged through her and gave her strength. She looked into Julian’s liquid-blue eyes. Any softness she’d ever had toward him had disappeared. She hated him now. Without a word she turned and walked out of the darkroom. He followed her, flicking the garage lights on. He knew, of course, what she was thinking about. â€Å"She agreed,† he said. â€Å"Just like all the rest of you, she agreed to play the Game.† â€Å"She didn’t know it was real!† He quoted from the instructions. † ‘I acknowledge that the Game is real. â€Å"You can talk all you want, Julian-but you killed her.† â€Å"I didn’t do anything to her. Her own fear did that. She couldn’t face her nightmare.† Jenny knew there was no point in arguing with him, but she couldn’t help it. In a low, savage voice she said, â€Å"It wasn’t fair.† He shook his head, looking almost amused. â€Å"Life isn’t fair, Jenny. Haven’t you learned that yet?† Jenny was raging on. â€Å"What gives you the right to play with us this way? How can you justify it?† â€Å"I don’t need the right. Listen to me, Jenny. The worlds-all nine of them-are cruel. They don’t care anything about you, or about right. There is no ultimate goodness. It’s the law of the jungle. You don’t need right-if you have strength.† â€Å"I don’t believe you,† Jenny said. â€Å"That the world is cruel?† There was a newspaper on the bench; he picked it up. â€Å"Take a look at this and tell me that evil loses and good wins. Tell me that it’s not the law of the jungle in your world.† Jenny didn’t even want to look at the headlines. She’d seen too many in her life. â€Å"Reality,† Julian said, flashing a smile, â€Å"has teeth and claws. And since that’s true, wouldn’t you rather be one of the hunters than one of the hunted?† Jenny shook her head. She had to admit the truth of what he was saying-about the world, at least. But she felt sick to her stomach. â€Å"I’m offering you a choice,† Julian said. His face had hardened. â€Å"I told you before that if I couldn’t persuade you I would force you-somehow. If you won’t agree I’ll have to show you what I mean. I’m tired of playing, Jenny. I want this settled-one way or another.† â€Å"It is settled,† Jenny said. â€Å"I’ll never come to you. I hate you.† Anger flared like a twisting blue flame in Julian’s eyes. â€Å"Don’t you understand,† he said, â€Å"that what happened to Summer can happen to you?† Jenny felt a wave of coldness. â€Å"Yes,† she said slowly. â€Å"I do.† And she did, at last. She probably wouldn’t have believed it before. Wouldn’t have believed Julian was capable of it, or that she, Jenny, could be vulnerable to it. Dying was for old people, not kids her age. Bad things-really bad things-didn’t happen to good people. But they did. Now she knew that emotionally. In her heart. Sometimes bad things, the worst, happened to people who didn’t deserve it at all. Even Summer. Even her. Jenny felt as if she had learned some secret, been initiated into some worldwide club or community. The community of sorrow. She was now one of the people who knew. Strangely, it gave her a sense of comfort to know that there were so many others, so many who’d had friends die, or lost parents, or had other terrible things happen that they never asked for. There are a lot of us, she thought. Without realizing it, she’d begun to cry. We’re everywhere. And we don’t all turn hunter and take it out on other people. All of us don’t. Aba hadn’t. Jenny suddenly remembered that Dee’s grandmother had lost her husband in a racial incident. And she remembered something Aba had taped to her bathroom mirror, incongruous among all the glass and marble and gold fixtures. It was a handmade sign that said: Do no harm. Help when you can. Return good for evil. Jenny had never asked Aba about the sign. It didn’t seem to need explaining. Now she felt the community of sorrow strengthening her from all over. As if they were sympathizing, silently. Bad things-the worst-might happen to Jenny, right now. Jenny understood that. She said, â€Å"You’re right. Maybe things are that bad. But that doesn’t mean I have to give in. I won’t join you willingly, so you might as well try force.† â€Å"I will,† he said. It started so simply. Jenny heard a whining buzz and a bee landed on her sleeve. It was just an ordinary bee, dusty-gold. It clung with its little feet to her tissue-linen blouse. But then she heard another buzz, and a second bee landed on her other sleeve. Another buzz, and another. Jenny hated bees. She was always the one at picnics shrieking, â€Å"Is there one in my hair?† She wanted to shoo these bees away, but she was afraid to provoke them. She looked at Julian. At his wild, exotic sapphire eyes and his beautifully sculpted face. At that moment, wearing Zach’s lackluster clothing, his beauty was so unearthly it was frightening. Another buzz and a bee was in her hair, its wings a blur of motion as it tangled and clung. She could see it in her peripheral vision. Julian smiled. Jenny heard a deeper sound, a thrumming, and she looked automatically for the source. A swarm of bees was clustered on one of the rafters of the garage, hanging down like some giant, pendulous fruit. Jenny took a step backward and heard a warning buzzzzz from her hair. The ball of bees was moving, breaking up. Becoming a dark cloud. Heading toward her. Jenny looked once more at Julian, and then bees began to fall on her like hail. They clung to her arms, her shoulders, her breasts. She had to hold her arms away from her body in order to keep from crushing the ones on her sides. She knew that if she did that they would sting. Then it simply became a nightmare, unreal. They were heavy, covering her like a blanket. Too heavy. Jenny staggered. She shut her eyes because they were crawling out of her hair onto her face. She was inundated with bees, layer upon layer of them. They were clinging to each other now, because there was almost no part of her body clear of them. Her fingertips, some parts of her face. She felt their feet on her cheeks and wanted to scream, but she couldn’t, she couldn’t scream because if she did-if she did-They’d get into her mouth. And then she’d lose her sanity. But she couldn’t breathe well enough through her nose. Her chest was heaving and their weight was crushing her. She was going to have to open her mouth. She was crying silently, trying not to move, to disturb them more than she could help. Julian’s voice came to her. â€Å"Just say the word, Jenny.† She could only shake her head slightly. The barest minimum of motion. But what she could manage, she did. She was still sobbing without a sound, terrified to move, but she would not-she would not-give in. You can do whatever you like to me, she thought. In the dark beneath her bee-covered eyes she tried to hold on to consciousness, but it was like a thin thread slipping through her fingers. She grasped at it, felt it being snatched away from her. She was fainting. Falling. But she wouldn’t give in. When I hit the ground and crush them, they’ll go mad. They’ll kill me, she thought. But she never said the word to stop it. She felt the darkness come as she began to fall. How to cite The Forbidden Game: The Hunter Chapter 11, Essay examples

Key functions and roles of the top management, middle and first

Infoscape Technologies Infoscape Technologies is a novel technology firm focusing on the hospitality industry in the UAE region. It focuses on providing software solutions to the hospitality industry. Mainly, it provided solutions in Guest Incident Management, HR administration, concierge management system, and Hotel Service Optimization System. Vinod Philip, who is currently the CEO, started the company in 2008. The company has several middle level managers, director of sales, project manager, HR and financial officer.Advertising We will write a custom assessment sample on Key functions and roles of the top management, middle and first-line management of Infoscape Technologies and Saudi Telecommunications Company (STC) specifically for you for only $16.05 $11/page Learn More The CEO is the overall manager in charge of the operations of the company. The CEO is responsible for strategic leadership in the company. The CEO, in collaboration with other senio r level managers, has the task of devising policies for implementation within the company. Since its inception in 2009, the company has grown in many dimensions; this includes an increase in the customer base and an increase in program outputs. The CEO offers guidance in what products the company distributes from other companies and sets targets for the percentage of products the company will market under its own brand. The number of high-level collaborations has increased as well as the output of Infoscape branded products. The CEO maintains discretionary authority on decisions concerning which products the company markets from outside. The CEO also represents the company in industry conventions, within and outside UAE. The CEO receives reports on the progress of the company form the different departments and charts new course for the company. He also provides decisions on expansions; for example the decisions to expand to India. The other mid-level manager is the project manager. The project manager is in charge of all projects undertaken by the company. The company deals with installation and maintenances of software solutions in the hospitality industry; consequently, all the functions of installation and maintenances fall under the office of the project manager. The projects manager oversees the implementation of projects related to varied technology products. This includes presales, execution, training, project management, and support. All the activities pertaining to customer satisfaction fall under this office. The project manager has duties comprising of designing, instituting, and evaluating the progress of projects. She is in charge of monitoring the productivity and motivation of her workers. She also handles customer complains concerning the company products or products marketed by the company. The director of sales deals with all marketing activities in the firm, which includes both the company brands and external brands. The manager has the char ge of overseeing effective collaboration between his company and other company in marketing partnerships. He furnishes the CEO with information regarding the market requirements and recommend solution products. He has to keep the sales personnel motivated and productive. The other managers assume the roles designed for their departments in the same manner.Advertising Looking for assessment on business economics? Let's see if we can help you! Get your first paper with 15% OFF Learn More First-line managers include the assistant technical consultant, Robson Correa, and the personnel manager. The assistant technical consultant answers to the project director and is responsible for the providing consultation to company staff working in various projects. The personnel manager oversees the welfare of company personnel. This includes workstation transportations, complaints, leave, and general employee issues. STC STC is a Saudi-based organization dealing in telecommunication s. It was established in 1998. It operates through five operations units dealing in voice calls, data, internet, business, and mobile services. It has 21,190 employees and a market capitalization of SAR 79.8 billion (Zawya, 2012). In 2011, the STC publicized its new organizational structure. The structure comprised of divisions descriptive of KSA Operations, Strategic Operations, and Technical Operations. The Group CEO, Group VP for Shared Services, CEO for Strategic Operations, Group CEO for Technical Operations, and CEO of Saudi Operations provide headship to the company. The next level of management comprises of VPs in charge of Wholesale, Finance Saudi Arabia, Informational Technology, Home Services, Network, Strategic Affairs, Enterprise Services, Human Capital, Regulatory Affairs, and Personal Services. The third level of managers includes the project managers in all the divisions represented by the vice presidents (Zawya, 2012). The top-level management consists of four perso ns proving oversight to all sectors of the company. They provide guidance to the multinational operations on the company. Their functions include setting standards for the company on the three key sectors of the company and making top-level management decisions. They also evaluate the structure of the organization to ensure that is consistent with company orientation. The second level of management, consisting of the VPs for various subsectors, is responsible for the actual operation decisions in the organization. They cooperatively design strategies for the progress of the company in line with the goals established by the top management and the board of governors. They have the task of running their subsectors to ensure optimum productivity. The middle level directors consult with project managers to address the issue of motivation, qualifications, and job satisfaction. They interpret the goals of the company in terms of their sectors and communicate them to the first-line managers .Advertising We will write a custom assessment sample on Key functions and roles of the top management, middle and first-line management of Infoscape Technologies and Saudi Telecommunications Company (STC) specifically for you for only $16.05 $11/page Learn More They receive and evaluate reports on the progress of their divisions and make appropriate recommendations. Finally, they report to the top management on the progress in their sub sectors. The product managers have the task of disseminating company policies and goals to non-managerial staff. They translate these policies into actual tasks that the personnel under them will accomplish. They report to their immediate supervisors. They monitor the productivity of the works and make appropriate decisions. Advantages and disadvantages of their organization structures Infoscape follows a line-discipline organizational structure. This means that divisions arise from the different roles carried by the mi ddle level managers. Command flows, in most cases, from the top. However, the middle level managers aid in the decision-making by furnishing the CEO with the relevant information. Policies developed from the top management eventually reach the last rank among the employees. This arrangement has several advantages. It is the simplest method of administration, since the centers of command are easily identifiable and recognizable. Superior-subordinate relationships persist, and the organization follows a top-bottom chain of command, which results in harmony of command. There are fewer chances of miscommunication and conflicts. Since the command flows from only one direction, then all the personnel will be following similar directions, thus, reducing chances of confusion and conflict. This organizational structure also presents the advantage of instituting better discipline throughout the organization (Murphy Willmott, 2010).. The lines of authority are clearly identifiable, since auth ority lies in the hands of several individuals. Therefore, confusions in terms of the leadership guidance do not exist, leading to improved discipline. This is possible through unified control. Another advantage is fixed responsibility. Each of the line executives bears set authority, power and duties. Duties are properly separable, and there is no confusion or overlapping of roles. This breeds better relationships among managers in the same level, since there are few chances of conflict. Improved relationships may translate to increased productivity. This organizational structure also results in flexibility. The coordination between top and bottom authority bears an advantage. Since the line executives have clear tasks and responsibilities, they are free to make decisions on things within their dockets. This is especially helpful in the technology industry where new developments occur often, and flexibility is essential. Apart from enabling the organization to capitalize on the fle xibility, it also increases the satisfaction of lower level managers. When they are able to engage in independent decisions, they are more likely to be proud of their work. Additionally, the fact that responsibility is fixed enables the making of apt decisions. During critical times, the absence of the need for elaborate consultations makes decisions making prompt.Advertising Looking for assessment on business economics? Let's see if we can help you! Get your first paper with 15% OFF Learn More However, the model poses a variety of challenges. For example, it provides for the organization over reliance on certain individuals discretion on all issues. Since authority runs from top to bottom, the same line officials are the one s that provides decisions (Murphy Willmott, 2010). This may pose a danger to the company and may result to redundancy. If the top management is misinformed, the whole organization takes a wrong direction, which may ruin the company. Another problem presented by the model is the lack of utilization of specialized knowledge. The possible contributions from numerous personnel with expertise in a field do not benefit the company. Inputs by others apart from line managers are not utilized. This may lead to lack of fresh ideas and discontent among employees. The structure also endangers communication. Policies and decisions pass from the top to the bottom, which leaves no channel for communication from the bottom up. This has serious and detrimental effect s to the organization. When the officials take inappropriate decisions, the lack of coordination makes the chances of correcting the decisions minimal. The feedback on the decisions may not reach the top management, denying them the chance to improve them or correct mistakes in the future. This also results in disgruntled employees. Additionally, it is possible for executives to misuse their authority designated to them. STC utilizes a matrix structure within the organization. The model reflects environmental intricacies in the organization. It values the importance of customer groups, products, geography, and functions. In this structure, operational decisions do not lie with the functional managers, but with the project managers. This is consistent with a decentralized management style, relegating management decisions to professional unit leaders (Murphy Willmott, 2010). These units have professional tasks requiring the timely responses in times of environmental demands. It also works well with product market variations, technological variations, elevations in regulative and competitive pressures. This form has numerous rewards. The structure attains coordination imperative in meeting demand from the customers, environment, and varied regions. Because the model recognizes the importance the preceding aspects in the success of the company, the model allows management to tailor products addressing all the above factors. The model emphasizes the collaboration within the organization. This makes sharing of human resources across varied products possible. The structure is appropriate for a company in telecommunications where changes are frequent, and the environment is unstable (Murphy Willmott, 2010).. In such situations, decisions are bound to be complex. It is especially helpful in nurturing the company’s orientation towards a Lead Strategy. The fact that operational decisions lie within professional units, it provides opportunities for those personne l to increase functional skills and develop their careers. This results to happy employees, thus, increasing productivity. The model also has its limitations. This includes misunderstanding and frustration resulting from duo authority. This arises if the top managers have not precisely separated the duties. The success of this structure depends on effective communication skills between different players within the organization. This requires extensive training for the collaborating personnel. Additionally, due to the level of collaboration involved, the model necessitates frequent meetings and conflict resolution sessions. This might be time consuming and pricey (Murphy Willmott, 2010). It requires the first line managers adapting collegial relations instead of vertical relations. These relations may be hard to attain, though its success is dependent on them. The chains of command, span of control and organizational culture of the organizations Infoscape Technologies utilizes a con siderably centralized management structure. In Infoscape technologies, there are relatively fewer executives compared to the other company. Consequently, the roles of the managers are numerous and concentrated. All the mid-level managers report to the CEO. This includes the director of sales, the project manager, and the HR manager. The middle level managers meet the CEO once a week to deliver reports on the progress at various fronts. The CEO is largely inaccessible to the other personnel. The first line managers report to the managers in charge of their departments. For example, the technical consultant reports to the project director. If, for example, the technical consultant has issues requiring redress, the only channel accessible to him is through the immediate supervisor, the project manager. Therefore, decision-making power is intense at the top level, with the CEO. The middle level managers have all the operating authority, while the lower rank managers receive directions a nd act, mostly, following orders from the manager above them. The middle level managers exercise substantial independence in duties allocated to them. Their roles span wide across numerous issues. Within the company, there is deep reverence for authority. Authority is unquestionable, but opinions are raised following protocol. There is minimal emphasis on the nature of relationships between staff. The company does not sponsor and provide activities designed to increase cohesion among employees. Of importance, is to report to one’s duty station and complete assigned tasks. The STC structure is comprised of divisions descriptive of KSA Operations, Strategic Operations, and Technical Operations. Therefore, the Group CEO, Group Vice President for Shared Services, Group CEO for Strategic Operations, Group CEO for Technical Operations, and CEO of Saudi Operations are the company leaders. The group CEO and the three sector executives provide overall guidance to the company. They con trol the operations of the entire organization; nevertheless, they only formulate guiding principles and policies, and not actual operational guidelines. They coordinate the activities of the functional managers. The next level of management comprises of VPs in charge of Wholesale, Finance Saudi Arabia, Informational Technology, Home Services, Network, Strategic Affairs, Enterprise Services, Human Capital, Regulatory Affairs, and Personal Services. The third level of managers includes the deputies in all the divisions represented by the VPs. These managers report to the four top-level managers. They also get directions from them, but also provide feedback concerning policies. These functional level managers coordinate among themselves satisfying the purposes of the company. Each of the functional managers has other product managers under him/her. These product managers are the one indirect contact with project staff. They receive their directions for the functional managers, and the y also give feedback on the policies and directions handed down to them. The product managers design actual activities and make decisions regarding the projects under their jurisdiction. The organization emphasizes collaboration amid diverse sectors to ensure the championing of company interests. Therefore, meetings and numerous and common and casual relationships are encouraged, especially, among the functional managers. Communication between managers and the people under them does not follow the manager-subordinate manner. Instead, communication is encouraged to facilitate feedback. Sincerity and integrity is encouraged, especially in reporting. Proper communication means are at the core of the practices within the organization. Variation in nature and emphasis of the key roles of the top managers in the organizations The emphasis and nature of managerial roles differ significantly between the two companies. For example, the role of the CEOs in the two companies differs significan tly. The CEO of Infoscape provides executive authority for the entire organization. His decisions are largely unquestionable and are not necessarily dependent on the opinions of the other managers. Both CEOs have the functions of providing guidance to their organization, evaluating standards, supervising and guiding staff, but the way these functions are done differ significantly. The CEO at Infoscape relies more on his intuition and expertise compared to the CEO of STC. The CEO of STC is firsts surrounded by three sector leaders in charge of the three main sectors of the company. The CEO, therefore, has no direct control on any of the sectors. His duty is to ensure coordination at the senior level. Therefore, he relies more on the information and counsel provided by other managers at the top level than the Infoscape CEO does. At infoscape, managerial positions emanate from the expertise required by the various operations of the company. Furthermore, the roles of managers are divisi ble along succinct lines. The managers have the duties of making executive decisions offering directions to those directly below them. Managers are supposed to be in control of all decisions going on in their departments. The emphasis is for managers to be in control of their departments, and achieve the targets and goals set for them by the top management. Cooperation among managers at the same level is not a serious concern as long as each manager does his/her duty. The roles of managers in the organization are to analyze the progress of their departments, comparing with the set targets, and chart the course while incorporating executive directions. Participation of lower level employees receives insignificant emphasis. At STC, the next level of senior managers includes the VPs for different divisions. These managers are functional managers. They roles are to assign personnel to various projects rather that making decisions concerning the projects. They nature of their work revolv es around coordinating among themselves. Their main duties are not to make decisions directly affecting projects, but to provide advisory expertise as required. A great deal of their work revolves around holding collaborative meeting. The results of these meetings are communicated in both directions. They are communicated to the top management and to the project managers. This differs with the roles of managers at Infoscape where managers make decisions concerning their projects and communication is mainly only one way, to the subordinate staff. At Infoscape, there is less coordination among managers, and usually, managers make decisions within their departments with little regard to those of the other managers, as long as they are in line with company policy. Another difference arises in the role of lower level employees. At STC, these employees receive significant autonomy in their work. They have a greater leeway in making decisions regarding their work. This is different from th e Infoscape scenario. At Infoscape, the main role of low-level employees is to follow protocol and obey orders delivered by the managers. Therefore, significant variances arise in the roles of managers within the two organizations. These variations arise in nature and emphasis of the roles of managers. At SCT managers collaborate more and exercise more oversight roles while, at Infoscape, the role of managers is to make decisions, mostly independently, concerning their projects. References Murphy, D. J., Willmott, H. (2010). Organization theory and design. Hampshire, UK: Cengage Learning. Zawya. (2012). Company profiles. Retrieved from https://www.zawya.com/mena/en/stock/1000038/saudi-telecom-company/7010.SE/ This assessment on Key functions and roles of the top management, middle and first-line management of Infoscape Technologies and Saudi Telecommunications Company (STC) was written and submitted by user Emmanuel H. to help you with your own studies. You are free to use it for research and reference purposes in order to write your own paper; however, you must cite it accordingly. You can donate your paper here.

Islamic credit in Britain financial market and especially for the Islamic bank of Britain. The WritePass Journal

Islamic credit in Britain financial market and especially for the Islamic bank of Britain. Introduction Islamic credit in Britain financial market and especially for the Islamic bank of Britain. IntroductionAimWhat Is Credit CardHistory of Credit CardThe Credit Card In Britain  Credit Card System  Islamic Bank Of BritainLiterature reviewsJustificationHypothesisResearch MethodologyScopeLimitationsConclusionRelated Introduction I m aiming in my dissertation to built a model of Islamic credit in Britain financial market and especially for the Islamic bank of Britain. There is no Islamic Credit Card present at the moment in the Britain and the only Islamic financial institute is Islamic Bank Of Britain. My study is based on the Islamic credit cards which are prevailing in the financial markets of Middle East and Malaysia. Most Banks in Asia they been offering such cards based on deferred payment knows them (bay to the inah) concept which is later on been discovered as controversial, mock and totally against the Islamic law (Shariah). As for as Shariah is concerned most of banks in Asia have their own Shariah compliance tribunals for decision-making but I know the problem was that at same Time most of Shariah boards to were adverse opinion on the same subject matter. These But all of solutions providing by these Asian banks to were not compatible according to the Holy Book Quran Said By the â€Å"Bankers from Middle East†. While in the Gulf countries banks have new plans to access the Muslims believes and offering them credit card. Their approach is very seemlier to principal and granter, or guarantee based system. My financial model will carry out the religious and financial prospective both at the same Time. This model may also have loads impracticabilitys as for as adoption by the Islamic Bank Of Britain or their might be I know much complex procedures required. Aim I am aiming to construct, regarding Britains Islamic bank Islamic credit cards financial model and especially for Britains financial market. The goal follows on somebodys heels is the academic lecture core goal. To finds out credit cards effect according to Islamic law (Shariah)   regarding the payment pattern. In the British appraisal credit card market as well as may Muslims use these card. May provide credit cards reliability and the effect in the market revelation Islamic. What regarding uses in Islamic credit cards appropriate model existence these concept use aspect in credit cards function finding out the latent Islamic principle credit card is? What Is Credit Card The credit card possibly is defined to arrive invariable compensation card that to propose may to purchase cardholders credit specific quantity which and pay the flowered amount. Outstanding widespread balanced, in is assigned in the time is may pay, or the interest will cause on surplus balanced. (Paxon and five, 1998) History of Credit Card The credit card systems first type is developed in the US. Later in 20 centuries at the beginning, will use in the metal plate to the Western Alliance and other financial institute recording the customer detail and the account. The FlatbushState bank introduced its monthly allowance account bank accountholders in 1947. In 1951, the FranklinState bank was issues credit cards first financial institute to other bank customer. (Lindsey 1980). the diners club issued in 1950 the first modern credit card, and was called the travel and the entertainment (T E) card. The US express followed the visitor who ate meal to club and to provide in had the credit period characteristic between the expense and the payment for the credit card 1958, but did not have the partial payments facility. (Wonglimpiyarat 2005) the national credit card first developed and allows it to stretch across Earths other banks in 1966 from the American Bank. Will become all things as for the result rival by later to result in the card between the bank and the main charge name which will provide is joined. (Frazer 1985) The Credit Card In Britain Barclays issued in 1966 the first credit card in the agreement later by the American Bank. Barclays imports all facilities and the structure in Britain revises the American Bank operation. (Wonglompiyarat 2005)   Credit Card System The visa, the switch and Master manage under the four directions plan. These all transactions through the plan involvement are four main parties; Holder of   the card, through the use of   card, pays the payment, The card publisher, provides the card to the user, and runs the trading account, The retail merchant, sells the goods or the service back-spacing promise for the payment. Merchant acting as a purchasing agent, the absorption retail merchant, obtains from the card publishers payment and the repayment gives the merchant. They have frequently with the merchant, but its Relations; does not force.   Islamic Bank Of Britain Islamic Bank Of Britain is only Shariah the obedient financial service authority (FSA) authorization financial institute in Britain. It started its operation and located at three British various cities and the branch in 2004 in London and the main office in the Birmingham. Other Islamics bank, I elect likely the bank goal also will provide the choice for the regular mechanics of banking through to avoid interest (Riba) and definitely to maintain the money only spends at the moral enterprise. At present the bank expands its product rapidly and serves two pair of current finances and the banking industry crisis, the Islam community in Britain, the availability non-interest credit card, in massive the growth Islamics mechanics of banking, chooses the choice modern mechanics of banking product and the service, the integrated Islamic financial concept is looking like Lloyds TSB modern bank neutral HSBC and is not voluntarily the high interest rate strong existence rule credit card. (www.i slamic-bank.com) Literature reviews In today’s society the credit card uses the achievement to pay money a basic way. Has to credit cards various uses for example payment, the Credit facility, the cash advance easy way and as for the status symbol. Presented the payment proposition money value way compared with Islamic credit card and the conventional credit card, has various questions which a lower penalty spends, provides free bonus year after year, a fancier look and the proposition expense gives up. (Ma Sum total Billah 2001). Islam permission use credit card, because it does not incur the interest, and at the same time it does not violate Shariah any rule. (Ahamad and lake huron 2002). Whether I did know the credit card service only pays the main amount as for the user to add on operates and the overhead charge credit card, the financial entry is permitted, because it does not involve any kind in the Islam the element benefit which forbids. (in el Azura 2006). The use to pays money other way credit cards ad vantage for the purchase, the cost effectiveness, the security and the world acceptability is easy to use. (Mohammad 2003). Justification In the Middle East and Malaysia the method which discussed, anticipated financial model and gift payment method and religious belief flaxen cloth. The research possibly completes the explanation, but is may be the description possibly takes the bank with it to this domain research union important work. Hypothesis The hypothesis has the limited research in the region Islamic credit card in Britain. (2007) the Shah pale research which and the discovery conducts has in the human limited aware about Islamic credit card. Mohd (2008) has identified influence Islamic credit card usage several factors for them. Had has developed following three hypotheses; H1: Technical and the function services quality has to immediate influence Islamic credit card user. H2: The religion has positive influence to the usage of Islamic credit card. H3: The culture is directly affects Islamic credit cards choice, the usage and satisfaction. Research Methodology The research methodology based on secondary data heavily. My research may use to the bank website in the Middle East and Southeast Asia and various origin together for example article, the research, the journal and the book. Other origins and insure London including on-line Islamics institute mechanics of banking, the Middle East banker magazine library Islamic finance (www.maktabonline.com), journal and complete other on-line resources. Because appears self-confidently in the promiscuous method has the research qualitative and the quantitative method mix. Except that beside further studies may be appears to the possibility to it with the current research findings. Scope Core goal, if the research is the development to the financial model Islamic credit card Britains Islamic bank. Bank possibly for theirs credit card research applications research at that time credit card in theirs stock list, but its long waiting. The report will also highlight the key question for example in massive the general manner, the belief and the perception about the non-interest Islamic product and the service option and the usage. The report is willing in the modern day mechanics of banking also to show the convention mechanics of banking system choice and Islamic financial concept integration, and, when result trend toward mechanics of banking Islamic way. Limitations Limits all hates diligently, the research has the loading limit. First it is limited Islamic the credit card and Britains Islamic bank. Next, the sample will be small, and will not provide to the population overall picture. It will concentrate mainly signs in upon arrival at work a broader picture in the merchant, because of it True s stemming from found individual the control use Islamic financial organ. Also the will did not think that perhaps the religious responder and it neglects to the Islamic financial service Islam users great proportion. Conclusion What the conclusion Islamic Bank of Britanavoids establishing likely is the regular mechanics of banking provides chooses other Islamic bank interest (Riba) and definitely maintains the money only spends at the moral enterprise. Two pair of current finances and banking industry crisis, the Islam community in Britain, is not the availability strong existence non-interest credit card, to chose the modern mechanics of banking voluntarily in massive, Islamic financial concept integrated choice in has looked like HSBC in the modern bank, and a higher interest rate in the regular credit card, there was in the non-interest giant hidden growth potential sum

Sociology of Religion

Sociology of Religion Not all religions share the same set of beliefs, but in one form or another, religion is found in all known human societies. Even the earliest societies on record show clear traces of religious symbols and ceremonies. Throughout history, religion has continued to be a central part of societies and human experience, shaping how individuals react to the environments in which they live. Since religion is such an important part of societies around the world, sociologists are very interested in studying it. Sociologists study religion as both a belief system and a social institution. As a belief system, religion shapes what people think and how they see the world. As a social institution, religion is a pattern of social action organized around the beliefs and practices that people develop to answer questions about the meaning of existence. As an institution, religion persists over time and has an organizational structure into which members are socialized. Its Not About What You Believe In studying religion from a sociological perspective, it is not important what one believes about religion. What is important is the ability to examine religion objectively in its social and cultural context. Sociologists are interested in several questions about religion: How are religious beliefs and factors related to other social factors like race, age, gender, and education?How are religious institutions organized?How does religion affect social change?What influence does religion have on other social institutions, such as political or educational institutions? Sociologists also study the religiosity of individuals, groups, and societies. Religiosity is the intensity and consistency of practice of a person’s (or group’s) faith. Sociologists measure religiosity by asking people about their religious beliefs, their membership in religious organizations, and attendance at religious services. Modern academic sociology began with the study of religion in Emile Durkheim’s 1897 The Study of Suicide in which he explored the differing suicide rates among Protestants and Catholics. Following Durkheim, Karl Marx and Max Weber also looked at religion’s role and influence in other social institutions such as economics and politics. Sociological Theories of Religion Each major sociological framework has its perspective on religion. For instance, from the functionalist perspective of sociological theory, religion is an integrative force in society because it has the power to shape collective beliefs. It provides cohesion in the social order by promoting a sense of belonging and collective consciousness. This view was supported by Emile Durkheim. The second point of view, supported by Max Weber, views religion in terms of how it supports other social institutions. Weber thought that the religious belief systems provided a cultural framework that supported the development of other social institutions, such as the economy. While Durkheim and Weber concentrated on how religion contributes to the cohesion of society, Karl Marx focused on the conflict and oppression that religion provided to societies. Marx saw religion as a tool for class oppression in which it promotes stratification because it supports a hierarchy of people on Earth and the subordination of humankind to divine authority. Lastly, symbolic interaction theory focuses on the process by which people become religious. Different religious beliefs and practices emerge in different social and historical contexts because context frames the meaning of religious belief. Symbolic interaction theory helps explain how the same religion can be interpreted differently by different groups or at different times throughout history. From this perspective, religious texts are not truths but have been interpreted by people. Thus different people or groups may interpret the same Bible in different ways. References Giddens, A. (1991). Introduction to Sociology. New York: W.W. Norton Company.Anderson, M.L. and Taylor, H.F. (2009). Sociology: The Essentials. Belmont, CA: Thomson Wadsworth.

The wedding banquet by Ang Lee Movie Review Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 500 words

The wedding banquet by Ang Lee - Movie Review Example The film’s main plot revolves around immigrant homosexual couples, named as Wai-Tung Gao (from Taiwan) and Simon. But Wai-Tung was forced to marry a bankrupt lady named as Wei-Wei. Besides, Wai-Tung agrees to marry because he does not like to dishearten his parents. Meanwhile, Wei-Wei gets impregnated from Wai-Tung. On the other side, Wai-Tung discloses his sexual interest to his mother. In the end, Wai-Tung’s father accepts his son’s sexual interest and goes back to his motherland. Besides, Wei-Wei gives birth to a child and accepts Simon to her family. In short, sexual orientation becomes acceptable within Wai-Tung’s private circle. In the film, the director makes use of the main characters as his mouthpiece to share his opinion on homosexuality. Cliff Mills opines that, â€Å"The Wedding Banquet script is based on a true story about a gay Taiwanese immigrant living in New York City with his partner† (59). One can see that the gay couple in the film tries to hide their sexual interest because they consider that the society will not accept their relationship. Besides, the problems faced by the gay couple can be generalized to the wider context of the social problems faced by gay people. Still, the female protagonist (say, Wei-Wei) shows acceptance to the gay couple. In short, the director sheds light into the problems faced by gay people. In the film, the western society does not hesitate to accept homosexual people to the core of the society. On the other side, those who represent Eastern society hesitate to accept homosexuality as a sexual interest. Fran Martin states that, â€Å"In its negotiation of the positioning of Taiwan vis-a-vis the US and hence ‘the rest of the world’, The Wedding Banquet stages a kind of postcolonial cultural clash between two regimes of sexuality: broadly a ‘Chinese-familial’ regime, and a regime of ‘American gay identity’ † (143). To be specific, the

Haydn and Mozart Music Analysis Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 2000 words

Haydn and Mozart Music Analysis - Essay Example The choice of music was excellent because it illustrated three types of music genre or form of the Classical era: the Concerto/Sonata, the Symphony and the Overture of a vocal piece. These three forms started in the Baroque as smaller instrumental compositions and still exist today. The forms are concrete. The chamber orchestras are defined. The instruments, which were standardized, were used for for proper orchestration. A perfect example today is the use of the piano in the continuation of Haydn's Il ri In the Classical era, as the chamber orchestra took on a different meaning, strings and wind instruments were considered an ensemble and forms of music were more defined. Wind instruments (oboes and brass) were combined with strings. Strings were defined as violins, violas, cellos, and bass. It is interesting that the Basso was still part of Haydn's repertoire though it was not used by other composers. The bass continuo (harpsichord) was still used by Mozart but less and less. As th e chamber orchestra and musical ensembles were well defined, musical form became clearer. The sonata form of three movements differ from the baroque period where it was a group of diverse movements of music (Grout 385) The Sifonio is a short prelude to a vocal piece of music. It was commonly interchanged with overture. overture. The classic era of music lasted over a period of 70 years. Haydn, Mozart and Beethoven were the principal composers. Haydn spending the majority of his life under the patronage of one court, worked as the court composer, conductor, teacher, player and made sure the instruments were in playing condition. Since he was rather isolated, he nothing much to do but to compose music. Mozart started his early adult life under the patronage system and was treated as a servant. When finally got his freedom he was forced into poverty because he could not get any other court work. Beethoven was one composer who made so much money that he was able to tell everyone to go t o the devil. He abhorred being told what to do. The classical era was a period of perfecting instruments, forms of music and making instrument music the most important form of music. The sonata and the sonata form of musical of writing as in the Concerto of Haydn and the Prague Symphony of Mozart were both written in three movements. Beethoven wrote his symphonies with 4 movements towards the end of the 70 years; (1750-1830) (library.thinkquest.org) The most significant form of writing in the Classical Era was the sonata with the three movements. It was a story with a question, an explanation and the answer. Haydn never lived the life of other composers. Whereas Mozart was a child prodigy and had the constant teaching from his father, Haydn was basically self taught and was forced to make a living giving lessons. He was born in 1732 and moved to a church choir until his voice changed. In 1761, he become under the patronage of his first and only patron, the Prince Esterhazy in the Hu ngarian Empire. It is significant because Haydn stayed in his service 30 years which was unheard of. "He was inspired by the isolation of the estate as all he had was his music" (Grout, 484). He was one of the most prolific composers of the classical period. His type of instrumentation had never been done before. The Prince played the baryton, a type of string instrument which doesn't exist today. More than 200 pieces were composed for this instrument in trio form. Mozart spent most of his childhood traveling all over Europe. He would spend up to three

Selfishness of Second Hand Smoke :: essays research papers

Smoking is an age-old art that many partake in regularly. Smoking is a very expensive habit that can cause long-term problems for only a short-term gain of comfort. The surrounding non-smoking socialites must witness, experience, and live with the smoke day in and day out. According to the American Heart Foundation, 43.3 percent of American men and women indulge in tobacco consumption through smoke. The negative effects of the habit-forming substance crush the positive effects. This is on the borderline of an illegal addicting drug, but publicly allowed. Everyone has a right to smoke, but everyone should respect others as well. In cases I have witnessed in my life, the smoker seems to care less about a non-smoker?s wishes before lighting the cancer stick. I am tired of it and I do not like the fact that surrounding smokers change the course of my life. Second hand smoke, often called passive smoking, is more dangerous than actually performing the act personally. Stated by the American Lung Association, ?Secondhand smoke exposure causes disease and premature death in children and adults who do not smoke. Secondhand smoke contains hundreds of chemicals known to be toxic or carcinogenic, including formaldehyde, benzene, vinyl chloride, arsenic ammonia, and hydrogen cyanide?, and further states, ?Secondhand smoke has been classified by the Environmental Protection Agency (EPA) as a known cause of cancer in humans (Group A carcinogen).? This is a proven carcinogen that can kill! I personally am not a gambler and I really wish smokers would wise up to consider how many non-smokers dislike their fate controlled by a selfish addict. Your blood and breathing characteristics become unstable and uncomfortable with exposure to smoke. The smoke is an absence of oxygen, which last I recall, allows us to live. Research from the most current Surgeon General's Report concluded, ?Short exposures to second hand smoke can cause blood platelets to become stickier, damage the lining of blood vessels, decrease coronary flow velocity reserves, and reduce heart rate variability, potentially increasing the risk of heart attack.? The European Respiratory Society performed a study and found, ?Recent research from Finland has shown that passive smoking plays a role in the development of adult asthma. Researchers found that subjects exposed to tobacco smoke in the workplace were twice as likely to develop asthma as those who were not exposed.

How did the nature of work change during the 20th century? Essay

The industrial revolution transformed the nature of work. It involved a breakthrough in the use of inanimate energy and power, massive investment in industries such as iron, coal, and textiles and a transport revolution. Industrialization changed the dimension of work. In pre-industrial society â€Å"those who are employed experience a distinction between their employers time and their â€Å"own† time. And the employer must use the time of his labour, and see it is not wasted, time is now currency: it is not passed but spent. Writing in the 19th century, Marx predicted that the intermediate strata would be depressed into the proletariat. However during the latter 20th century, a number of sociologist’s had suggested that the opposite was happening. They claimed that a process of embourgeoisement was occurring whereby increasing numbers of manual worker’s were entering the middle class. During the 1950’s there was a general increase in prosperity in advanced industrial societies and, in particular, amongst a growing number of manual worker’s whose earning’s fell within the white-collar range. These highly paid affluent workers’s were seen to be increasingly typical of manual worker’s. This development, coupled with study’s, which suggested that poverty was rapidly disappearing, led to the belief that the shape of stratification system was being transformed. From the triangle or pyramid shape of the 19th century (with a large and relatively impoverished working class at the bottom and a small wealthy group at the top), it was argued that the stratification system was changing to a diamond or pentagon shape with an increasing proportion of the population falling into the middle range. In this middle mass society, the mass of the population was middle rather than working class. The U.S work activity has changed radically For example. In the 1950’s, about 20% of the workforce was professional, 20% skilled and 60% unskilled. By the 1970 the comparable figures were about 20% for professional, less than 20% for unskilled and over 60% for skilled. This reflects a change both in the skills required for new and emerging jobs and the rising skill demands for existing jobs. The theory used to explain this presumed development was a version of economic determinism. It was argued that the demands of modern technology an advanced industrial economy determined the shape of the stratification system. E.g. American sociologist Clark Kerr claimed that advanced industrialism request’s an increasingly highly educated, trained and skilled workforce which in turn leads to a higher pay and status occupations. In particular skilled technicians are rapidly replacing unskilled machine minders. Jessie Bernard argued that working-class affluence is related to the needs of an industrial economy for a mass market. In order to expand, industry requires a large market for its products. Mass consumption has been made possible because large sectors of modern industry have relatively low labour costs and high productivity. Bernard claimed that there is a rapidly growing middle market, which reflects the increased purchasing power of affluent manual worker’s. Home ownership and consumer and consumer durables such as washing machine’s, refrigerators, televisions and motorcars are no longer the preserve of white-collar workers. With reference to the class system, Bernard say’s † The proletariat has not absorbed the middle class but rather the other way round, in the sense that the class structure here described reflects modern technology. It vindicates the Marxist thesis that social organisation is â€Å"determined† by technological forces. (Goldthorpe and Lockwood 1969, p.9.) Change in the nature of work has also been driven by the changes in organization structures and the design of management often referenced as the shift from â€Å"fordism† to â€Å"post-fordism†. â€Å"Fordism† is named after Henry Ford, the American car manufacturer who pioneered mass production, which involved fairly rigid, highly structured and hierarchical forms of management. Michael J. Piore is amongst those who believe that capitalist countries have entered a â€Å"post-fordism† era. He claims that much work is now organised according to the principals of flexible specialization, management now involves more team-based work settings, with more governance, greater decentralization and less hierarchical or â€Å"top-down† management. As a result of this shift in organization and management, job design has changed form being narrow, repetitive, simplified, standardized in the old system to being broad, doing many task’s and having multiple responsibilities in the new system. Employees are now required to be multi/cross skilled, whereas specialized skills were required in the old system. These shifts are not likely to slow or lesson in the immediate future and the current economy suggests that these are the more rapid growing industries and job growth in these types of industries will outpace the rate of growth in other industries where the skills demands may be less. Worker’s in companies which are changing along these lines need to be more broadly trained as their work becomes increasingly varied. Because of their long training and the importance of their skills to their companies, they enjoy more job security, and management makes greater attempts to enlist their cooperation. Some firms have adopted another Japanese technique, quality circles. In quality circles groups of workers and managers meet together periodically to discuss how the production or performance of the company can be improved. Other initiatives may include worker’s representatives sitting on company boards, and profit-sharing scheme’s, which enable worker’s to benefit from any success the company enjoys. Flexible specialization then, increases the skills needed by the workforce, and unlike industries where scientific management techniques are used; workers may cooperate with management in organizing the labour process. By, implication, job satisfaction increases and industrial conflict decreases. The theory of flexible specialization also implies a move away from the concentration of capital in giant corporations and an increase in the number of small businesses. The British economist John Atkinson has developed similar views in his theory of the flexible firm. Atkinson believes that a variety of factors have encouraged managers to make their firms more flexible. Economic recession in the 1970’s and 1980’s, and the consequent reduction in trades union power, technological changes and a reduction in the working week, has all made flexibility more desirable and easier to achieve. According to Atkinson flexibility takes two main forms. One of which is functional flexibility, this refers to the ability of managers to redeploy workers between different tasks. Functional flexibility requires the employment of multi-skilled employees who are capable of working in different areas within a firm. Such flexible workers form the core of a company’s workforce. They are employed full-time and have considerable job security. The core is usually made up of â€Å"managers, designers, technical sales staff, quality control staff, technicians and craftsmen†. The second form of flexibility is numerical flexibility, which is provided by peripheral groups. Numerical flexibility refers to the ability of firms to reduce or increase the size of their labour force. The first peripheral group have full-time jobs but enjoy less job security than core workers. These workers might be â€Å"clerical, supervisory, component assembly and testing†, and they are easier to recruit than core workers because their skills are common to employment in many different firms. The second peripheral group of workers are even more flexible. They are not full-time permanent employees. They may work part-time, on short-term contracts, under temporary contracts or under government-training schemes. Atkinson believes that flexible firms are making increasing use of external sources of labour. More work is subcontracted and the self-employed and agency temporaries are used. A change in the attitudes towards work has also changed as a result of industrialization. The historian Thompson argues that large-scale, machine powered industry necessitated the introduction of new working patterns and with them new attitudes. According to Thompson pre-industrial work was regulated by task orientation; the new necessities of the job determined when and how hard people worked. However in post-industrialization the patterns of work are based round time rather than tasks. Thompson says â€Å"time is now currency; it is not passed but spent†. Workers who were used to a considerable amount of control over their work patterns experienced the new working day in the factory, with its emphasis on punctuality, as oppressive. They resented having to work to the clock. The early factory owners had considerable problems trying to persuade people to take jobs in factories. When they had recruited workers they often regarded their reluctant employees as work-shy and lazy. They therefore sought to change their attitudes and get them to accept new working patterns. According to David Lee and Howard Newby: â€Å"workers brought up under the assumptions of â€Å"task orientation†, were subject to massive indoctrination on the folly of â€Å"wasting† time by their employers, a moral critique of idleness which stemmed from the puritan work ethic†. One of the major changes in the nature of work is that the modern concept of the â€Å"housewife† was created in the 20th century. In earlier times, although there were clearly differentiated gender roles, there was little doubt that men and women were both involved in production. No one would have described the wife in a household of European peasants, or American pioneers, as primarily a consumer. In mid-nineteenth century America, households still carried out a vast range of productive activities; growing and preparing food, sewing and mending cloths, and reusing fabric scraps in quilts, rugs, and homemade upholstery, making and repairing furniture, tools, and other household goods, even making candles and sop from household wastes. The expansion of consumer goods industries toward the end of the 19th century began to change all this, providing affordable mass-produced substitutes for many things that had formerly been made at home. This industrial change allowed, and perhaps required, the rise of a consumer society. In the new regime, the work of the housewife shifted away from material production, toward consumption of marketed goods combined with carrying for, or â€Å"nurturing†, other family members. The change was a contradictory one, at once liberating women form exhausting toil, and commercialising daily life to an ever-expanding extent. Over the past century the way in which we go about getting work done has changed dramatically and this has created and facilitated fundamentally different social arrangements in the workplace. Indeed the application of new technologies has created new workplaces and challenged our thinking about where certain kinds of work can and should be done. Technological advances have resulted in the sharp divisions between professionals, skilled workers and unskilled workers being altered dramatically in the latter stages of this century. Whereas a century ago there were far more unskilled workers than skilled ones, in today’s world this has completely reversed and there are know far more skilled workers than unskilled. Bibliography (1) The sociology of work; Keith Grint (2) The personal consequences of work in the new capitalism: Richard Sennett (3) The future of work: Charles Handy (4) Briton in Europe: Tony Spybey (5) Www.islandpress.org/ecocompass/changingnatow/changing