Literature Review of Race and Racism

Literature Re dupe of Race and RacismYahaya, A., Ing, T. C., Lee, G. M., Yahaya, N., Boon, Y., Hashim, S., Taat, S. (2012). The clashing of buildplace bullying on consummation. Archives Des Sciences, 65(4), 18-28.In this investigation, a quantitative approach examined the problem of workplace bullying from a theoretical viewpoint. This eng epoch reviewed the relationship between workplace intimidation and employees work performance. The Negative Acts Questionnaire (NAQ) consisted of 22-item of the damaging actions, with variances related to bullying and work-related harassment. Data was accumulated from 217 employees from an ASEAN region. The employees worked in a plastic manufacturing company. The reliability depth psychology for workplace bullying was .923 and job performance was 0.836. The data analysis by SPSS 16.0 uncovered that there was a significant positive relationship between workplace bullying and towards job performance. The outcomes showed that the three predictor factors accounted 51% development in work performance. The research also uncovered that the person related bullying was prognosticated as an active contributor toward job performance. A predictor deterrent example was assembled through an analysis of multiple regression analysis. Numerous raiseions were presented to manufacturing, managers, and leaders that some additional plans can be carried out to generate a safe surround for the employees to produce an excellent work performance. The strike contributed a new idea in the research of management by opening up discussion on the importance of employee participation in producing a perfect job performance. This fact that statistically there is correlations and regression that workplace bullying has an impact on the dependent variables job performance. This finding also suggested that management might be able to decrease the level of job melodic line by increasing satisfaction with compensation, policies, work conditions and impro ving the interactions with employees in a staff meeting. This research also sheds information on how workplace bullying can be effected towards job performance. This study found that organizational cultures make worse the problem when the leaders either do not understand workplace bullying or dismiss it as solid management. The study concluded that a systems approach to designing a training program that discusses the root causes, involves all individuals from all levels, and yields skills for dealing with this phenomena can sustain a congenial working environment.Turner, R. J (2013). Understanding wellness disparities The relevance of the speech pattern process model. Society and Mental wellness, 3(3)170-186.The primary research questions of the study examined the disparities of stress by gender stress by hightail it/ethnicity and stress by socioeconomic status as a result of recent life events. Measures utilise to address physical health status included self-report information on the latest illness, chronic diseases, and self-rated health. The population studied was 493 non-Hispanic and 406 African Americans. The method apply a cross-sectional design to assess lifetime and recent incidents of drug abuse and addiction, alcohol misuse and dependence, and psychiatric disorders. Composite International Diagnostic Interview (CIDI) was used to interview the participants. The subjects were randomly selected. The semiempirical basis for this study describes an ongoing community study designed to more(prenominal) efficiently assess the hypothesis that lifetime pic to stress can represent a significant factor in the comprehend race and SES wellness disparities. Depressive symptoms decrease on status characteristics and five dimensions of stress exposure for 406 African Americans as it related to different levels of socioeconomic status. It is inferred that the viewpoints of the approach may advance the capacity of future research to evaluate the mental health significance of the stress process. Furthermore, recent life events can account for less than 6 percent of examined inequality in depressive traits with demographic circumstances controlled compared to about 20 percent for all stress African American total stress exposure was .286, compared to whites (.920). Limitations were twain-wave panel study and elevated cost of field work. The design could feel been achieved with longitudinal data. Future research could advance mental well-being implication of the stress progress.Hall, R. (2013). The idealization of light struggle as vehicle of social pathogen vis--vis bleaching syndrome Implications of globalization for human behavior. Journal of Human Behavior in the Social Environment, 234, 552-56.The scope of the survey is to check over the global account of light scratch empirical evidence about light clamber and the bleaching syndrome. The participant in the study examines a universal idealization of light pelt by using two groups of women of color to explore their ideas about beauty. The sample consisted of 117 participants. Respondents had a mean age of 20 years. A self-report instrument was administered for assessing skin color called a Cutaneo-Chroma- Correlate (CCC). A quantitative analysis of the idealization of light skin sample of college students enrolled at a womens institution of higher education. The majority of students determined that beautiful skin is 76.1% lightest or light and the medium eminence is 18.8%.Whereas, respondents personal values about the skin color of beautiful women for light skin was 68.1 and medium was 20.5%. The effect precipitated the bleaching syndrome as a common pathogen amongst people of color. The study argued that train social workers globally go away need to address bleaching syndrome. Moreover, people of color and the Western social workers who work with them will move the line of work to its next level through the use of assisted technology.Garcia, D., Abascal, M. (2015). Colored perceptions Racially distinctive name calling and assessments of skin color. American behavioral Scientist, 60(4)420-441.The scope of the study explores whether assessments of others skin color are affected by a subtle racial cue or a name. The research questions and hypotheses turn to the following questions 1) how do racial cues shape assessments of skin color? 2) Racially ambiguous faces receive a different skin color rating when it is undertake a distinctively Hispanic name versus a distinctively non-Hispanic name? 3) Gender differences in the perception of skin color? The randomization and descriptive methodology were based on an original survey experiment. The survey was distributed to an online convenience sample through an Amazons Mechanical Turk website. Overall, 560 different subjects participated in the study the sample was limited to adults sustenance in the United States. Each participant observed and rated images of five fe young-begetting(pren ominal) and five male features using a skin color palette. After assessing skin color, and as a guidance check, subjects were asked to choose the most likely racial framework of the face. Finally, subjects answered a series of demographic questions covering age, gender, race, education, income, U.S. region, and self-rated skin color. Pretested 64 names via an MTurk survey analysis conducted in September 2014. Sixty-two different subjects participated in the pretests, all of them adults within the United States. Each subject rated 32 names regarding perceived race and class, such that approximately 30 subjects rated each name. Selected the 20 most racially unique names. Results indicate that racial cues influence seemingly objective assessments of phenotypical traits, like skin color. Results symbolize that skin color ratings are affected by the presence of a racially distinctive name. A notable fortune of people will rank the same features darker when that face is designated a disti nctively Hispanic surname as opposed to a non-Hispanic name. Also, ratings of male faces are more sensitive to racially distinguished names. The central limitation of the present study lies in our inability to disentangle the effects of perceived race from those of class and immigrant status. The conclusions revealed important lessons for the understanding of the social structure of race and its role in creating inequalities.Victor E. Sojo, Robert E. Wood, and Anna E. Genat (2016). Harmful workplace experiences and womens occupational well-being A meta-analysis. Psychology of Women Quarterly, 40(1)10-40.The study consists of study the associations of different harmful workplace experiences and job stressors with womens work attitudes and health. The researcher examined five hypotheses 1) High frequency/low-intensity negative workplace experiences 2) Harmful workplace skills 3) Work attitudes 4) The impact of harmful workplace experiences on womens occupational and 5) The associati on between adverse workplace experiences and womens professional. A meta-analysis examination of studies explored the similarities among adverse workplace encounters and womens occupational health. As a result of previous research, a classification of adverse workplace experiences affecting women was proposed and then used for the analysis of 88 studies with 93 independent samples, containing 73,877 working women from 1985 to 2012. louvre proximal indicators were examined with measures of organizational commitment, job satisfaction, work satisfaction, co-worker satisfaction and supervision satisfaction. Four measures of womens health were used as distal indicators of occupational well-being universal health, physical health, mental health, and satisfaction with life. Certain gaps in the literature were identified, and areas for future research, such as sexual harassment and gendered contrast could benefit from more preciseness in the measurement constructs.Strom M.A, Zebrowitz L. A, Zhang S, Bronstad P.M, Lee H.K. (2012) Skin and Bones The region of skin face and facial structure to racial prototypicality ratings. PLoS ONE, 7(7) 1-8.The research was the first to evaluate the contribution of skin tone and facial metrics to livid, unappeasable, and Korean perceivers degrees of the racial prototypicality of faces from the same three groups. White and Korean participants were randomly selected to rate either male or female faces, while Black participants ranked faces of both sexes with the order of face skin toned across participants. The participants were thirty-nine White American college undergraduates, 26 Black American college undergraduates, and 48 Korean college undergraduates at a university in Seoul, Korea rated race-related appearance qualities and emotion expression of the target faces. White and Korean participants were randomly selected to rate male or female faces, whereas Black participants ranked faces of both sexes with the order of face sex equalized across participants. Thus, each face was assessed by approximately 39 White participants, 26 Black members, and 48 Korean participants. The photographs of the Black female target faces were selected from an American singles website for Black women ages 18 to 25. The results revealed that the relative contribution of metrics and skin tone depended on both the perceiver race and face race. White perceivers racial prototypicality ratings were less receptive to variations in skin tone than Black or Korean perceivers ranks. Caucasian perceivers ratings also illustrated the higher response to facial characteristics than to skin tone, whereas the reverse was true for Black perceivers. Moreover, transversely all perceiver groups, skin tone had a more uniform impact than metrics on racial prototypicality ranks of White faces, with the reverse for Korean faces. For Black faces, the relevant result varied with perceived race skin coloration had a more compatible influence than metri cs for Black and Korean perceivers, with the reverse for White perceivers. These results have important implications for prediction who will undergo racial prototypicality biases and from whom.Landor, A.M., Simons, L.G., Simons, R.L., Brody, G.H., Bryant, C.M, Gibbons, F.X., Granberg, E.M., Melby, J.N. (2013). Exploring the impact of skin tone on family dynamics and race-related outcomes. Journal of Family Psychology, 27(5)817-826.The current multisite, longitudinal study employs data from the Family and Community Health Study (FACHS). Approximately, 800 African American families residing in Georgia and Iowa participated in the study. Self-report questionnaires were administered in an interview format using a computer-assisted personal interview (CAPI). The current study employed two waves of data, consisting of 350 males, 417 females and their primary caregivers. Using data from a longitudinal sample, 767 African American families skin tone, was assessed to determine how skin ton e impacted experiences with discrimination or was related to differences in quality of parenting and racial socialization within families. The outcomes indicated no link between skin tone and ethnic bias, which proposes that lightness or darkness of skin, does not either guard African Americans against or intensify the encounters of unfairness. On the other hand, families illustrated preferred approach toward offspring based on skin tone and these disparities varied by gender of the child. Notably, darker skin sons endured higher quality parenting and more ethnic socialization fostering mistrust related to their counter part with lighter skin tone. Lighter skin daughters received quality parenting compared to those with darker skin. Also, the gender of a child-directed the relationship between the main caregiver skin coloration and racial socialization promoting mistrust. These results suggest that colorism remains a prominent issue within African American families. The implication for future research is the examination of repression and intervention as it relates to the skin tone of a family.Feliciano, C. (2016). Shades of Race How phenotype and observer characteristics shape racial classification. American Behavioral Scientist, 60(4), 390 419.Employing a unique data set drawn from observers assessments of photos posted by White, Black, Latino, and multiracial online daters, this study investigates how phenotype and observer attribute impact racial categorization and events of divergence between self-identities and others classifications. The data was collected from the Internet dating profiles posted on Match.com, between April 2011 and June 2011. Moreover, there were random, stratified samples of profiles from people seeking opposite-sex partners, living within 50 miles of four large cities, such as Los Angeles, Chicago, Atlanta, or New York city who self-identified themselves as Black, White, or Latino. The Research assistants randomly selected 200 profi les for each self-identified race/gender/region combination and coded all of the demographic information the participants provided that addressed age and race. Every coder was randomly set from 300 to 1,700 profiles, and at least seven observers coded each silhouette. The coders were unequivocally instructed not to gaze at any parts of the portrait except for the photo(s). The measures examine self-identified race, observed race, phenotypic characteristic, observer features and control variables. Finding, individuals who self-identified race as black (97%) had a higher mean percentage of observers who view a person as White (92%). Finding illustrated how phenotype and skin color shapes divergent racial classifications because of skin tone. Limitations were due to incomplete resources and individuals who self-identified as Black, White or Asians. Future research is to categorize Asians skin tone.Johnston, D.W., Lordan, G., (2016). Racial injury and proletariat market penalties dur ing economic downturns. European Economic Review, 84 57-75.The study examines racial prejudice in the workplace and labor penalties as a result of economic crisis. Several hypotheses were asked concerning if economic downturns encourage racist attitudes and if racial attitudes lead to worse labor market outcome for minorities? The researchers employed British attitude and work office data. The opinion data show that racial prejudice is countercyclical, with the effect driven by upstanding growings for high-skilled middle-aged workers in which implies there is a 1% point increase in unemployment is estimated and an increase self-reported racial discrimination by 4% points. Correspondingly, the labor force data reveal that racial hiring and wage gaps are weakening, with the greatest effects observed for high-skilled men, notably in the manufacturing and construction industries. A 1% point increase in unemployment is estimated to increase the wage gap by 3%. These results were consis tent with the theoretical literature, which proposes that racial prejudice and discrimination are the results of labor market disceptation among individuals with similar traits and that the effects of this competition are intensified during periods of economic downturn. Limitations of the survey revealed that the participants self-identified racist attitudes which influence labor market outcomes for minorities.Embrick, D.G., Henricks, K. (2015). Two-faced -isms racism at work and how race handling shapes class talk and gender talk. Language Sciences, 1 1-12.In this paper, a mixed-methods approach was employed to examine the contextual variabilities and nuances of racial discourse in a southwestern baked-goods workplace. Data was collected from interviews and participates (38 respondents) observations. The participants were Asians, Latinos and multiracial. Previous conclusions were questioned on how stereotypes and slurs are racially unequal in a workplace setting and to investiga te what is uniquely racist about the deployment of stereotypes and stigmas and how prejudice shapes gendered and classed dimensions of these terms. Further, the researcher demonstrated how gender and class could be constructed along the lines of racial ideology at micro-levels of interaction. The outcome argued that race talk not operates independently or in isolation from other discourses like gender talk and class talk. Instead, racist remarks are often undecided adjacent to classist and sexist remarks by people, who concurrently engage multiple racial, class, and gender locations. Data were obtained for this case study from in-depth interviews and participant observations. Future research in gendered and classed could pore on white race talk or nonwhite race talk in a workplace setting.

The Importance Of E Commerce In Globalization

The Importance Of E Commerce In GlobalizationIn the unexampled era of Globalization, new opport unit of measurementies for countries economic growth are knocking the doors, the new trends of market open the way for new countries to emerge and enhance their economies, for the common Ultimate goal of get out well being. Kazakhstan, as the unitary of participant of planetary processes of development of e- physician, aspires to occupy the appropriate place in this market.The analysis of infos application and communication technologies was carried out by the schedules-the Real Monitoring of the Kazakhstan earnings and Readiness for an Information Society by the Actis Systems Asia in Kazakhstan in 2001. The results of the analysis have shown the following representations well-nigh the Kazakhstan commitrs of the profit. The audience of the net in Kazakhstan is submitted in the basic experts in the given sphere, businessmen and students. there are nearly two millions of the men o f the adult nation living in the large cities. Thus one million, men receives information from the Internet sepa footsteply or by the intermediaries. Also researches on the users of the Internet on a level of the incomes have shown that the Internet is visited by the persons both with high and low level of income. 2.1 Importance of E-commerceIn fact, e-commerce come to be one of the catalysts that crumb promote the way for go trading and better economy, Mahesh and Vishnu (2005) discuss how E-commerce has a tremendous growth potential and also generates economic growth in the country. what is to a greater extent E-commerce promises better business for SMEs and sustainable economic development for create countries. (Ruth, 2003)In addition, at the beginning of 2000, Benbasat, Ives and Piccoli conducted a survey of the IS area Community on the electronic Commerce Top question Questions. The result of that survey indicates e-commerce achiever as one of the important electronic commerce research issues. And the measurement of E-commerce success is one of the research questions which are identified in that survey. Alemayehu (2001) Therefore, while implementing e-commerce, we have to measure of E-commerce success to understand where we are now and which factors are more crucial for better implementing. 2.2 Defining and measuring E-commerceElectronic commerce or e-commerce refers to a wide hurl of online business activities for products and run. (Anita, 2000) E-commerce is usually associated with buying and selling over the Internet, or conducting any(prenominal) execution involving the transfer of ownership or rights to use goods or services through computer- mediated work. (Thomas, 2000) E-commerce is the use of electronic communications and digital information touch on technology in business proceedings to create, to transform, and to redefine relationships for value creation between or among organizations, and between organizations and individuals. (Lallana et al, 2000) Moreover definition of e-commerce is adopted describing internet commerce as the sharing of business information, master(prenominal)taining business relationships and conducting business transactions by means of Internet- based technology. (Zwasse, 1996) The E-commerce improves communication channels and provides a virtual interactive surroundings where the suppliers and customers can exchange information and products. (Gunasekaran and Ngai, 2005) Also Evans and Wurster (1997) acknowledge that e-commerce allows both customers and suppliers to reduce the transactions costs significantly and enables information to reach more people without sacrificing the birthrate of the content.2.3 E-commerce perspectivesElectronic commerce and its related activities over the internet can be the engines that improve domestic economic well-being through liberalization of domestic services, more rapid integration into globalization of production, and leap-fogging of available technology. Electronic commerce integrates the domestic and global markets from its very inception. (Catherine L. Mann, 2000)E-commerce often through to refer to the buying and selling of goods through the internet only. However, E-commerce involves much more than electronically mediated financial transactions between organization and customer Chaffey (2002). Table.1 presents range of perspectives regarding what is considered as E-commerce. Table.1 Range of perspectives regarding what is considered as E-commerce(Source from Kalakota and Winston, 1996)Figure.1 The main objectives usage of the internet in Re common KazakhstanSource from Agency on Statistics of the nation of Kazakhstan. Available from www.stat.kzAs mentioned before by Chaffey (2002) we can see from the Figure.1 presents range of perspectives regarding what is considered as E-commerce. 2.4 Current situation of E-commerce in Kazakhstan and Korea2.4.1 KoreaKorea was an independent kingdom under Chinese suzerainty for most of the past millennium. Following its victory in the Russo-Japanese War in 1905, Japan occupied Korea five familys later it formally annexed the entire peninsula. After World War II, a republic was set up in the southern half of the Korean Peninsula while a communist style government was installed in the north. During the Korean War (1950-1953), US and other UN forces intervened to defend southwestward Korea from North Korean attacks supported by the Chinese. An armistice was signed in 1953, splitting the peninsula along a demilitarized zone at about 38th parallel. Thereafter, southerly Korea achieved rapid economic growth with per capita income rising to roughly 14 times the level of North Korea. (Internet World Stats, 2010 Available from http//www.internetworldstats.com/asia/kr.htm).In Table.3 Internet Usage Statistics is 34,820,000 Internet users as of Sept/08, 70% of the population, according to NIDA. Latest population Estimate 49,232,844 populations for 2008, according to U S Census Bureau. Gross National Income GNI Per capita is (ppp) US$ 17, 690 (06) according to World Bank. Country Area 99,268 sq.km. Population density is 510 persons per sq.km. 2.4.3 Internet Usage StatusAccording to the 2008 survey by Korean Communications Commission and National Internet Development Agency, Koreas Internet users spend an average of 13, 7 hours per week, in which 69.2% more than half are utilize the Internet for an average of more than 7 hours per week. 98.5% of the places for development the Internet is surveyed as home, followed by 39,4% at office, 18.7% at no certain places (including wireless access), 13.9% at facility for public access (Internet cafes and game clubs) and 17.1% at school (Figure.1, Table.3) 2.4.4 E-commerce in KoreaE-commerce represents online business transactions performed electronically by business subjects utilizing information and communication technology and the Internet. It also represents the related activities of business subjects to fulfill much(prenominal)(prenominal) transactions. Major business subjects can be categorized as individuals, corporations, and governments. The idiom e-commerce is comparable to E-business equally used telephone exchangeably in the field. E-commerce may be regarded as a rather limited term, focusing on the transaction itself as a means of interchanging goods or services. In contrast, e-business includes rather broadly the activity of mental synthesis IT infra social structure and the application of information technology to business.E-commerce standardization is the process of eliciting related standards from e-commerce industry members. The roadmap for e-commerce standardization is defined as providing guidelines or directions for e-commerce standardization. The intention is to present guidelines for developing e-commerce technologies to e-commerce related parties, such as private corporations, and to convey proper instructions for driving e-commerce standardization governanc eatically and efficiently. To accomplish such objectives, the roadmap should contain the following materials abstract of e-commerce, e-commerce standards, and standardization Classification of e-commerce technology Core elements of e-commerce technology for standardization Status analysis of core technologies Selection and timetable of to-be-standardized technology items Information to project from any previous(prenominal) or future roadmaps The Roadmap project is comprised of three phases, from 2001 to 2003 material body I Standards status analysis, overall standards implementation timetable, and 2001 timetable for selected time-sensitive priority standards. Phase II Status analysis of Phase I results, analysis, and classification of e-commerce technology, selection of individual standard items within each category, and overall 2002 standardization timetables, all taken in strategic approach to e-commerce impersonate standards. Phase III Combination of the artifacts of Ph ase I and Phase II and consideration of changes necessary to produce a final comprehensive version of an e-commerce standards roadmap as a national guideline. The e-business environment changes rapidly and continuously. Although the Forum finished the initial three-phase project and produced a final version, it continues to update the contents of the version on a yearly buns (Jakobs, 2005) 2.4.4.1 The volume of E-commerce by typeThe volume of e-Commerce in Korea reached KRW 516.514 trillion in 2007, which was an increase of KRW 102.930 trillion (24.9%) from 2006. The volume and proportion of each transaction type shows that B2B accounts for 89.9% of the entire businesses with KRW 464.456 trillion, while B2G takes 7.1% with KRW 36.801 trillion. B2C takes 2.0% with KRW 10.226 trillion, and C2C takes 1.0% with KRW 5.032 trillion. Compared to 2006, the transaction volumes have all increase B2B by 26.8%, B2G by 6.9% and B2C by 12.0% and C2C by 31.5%. B2B The total B2B e-Commerce tr ansaction volume in 2007 reached KRW 464.456 trillion, which increased 26.8% (KRW 98.264 trillion) from KRW 366.191 trillion in 2006. Of the B2B transactions, buyer-led transactions increased by 21.9% to KRW 321.058 trillion and seller-led transactions increased by 38.3% to KRW 119.246 trillion. Broker-led transactions also increased by 45.2% to KRW 24.152 trillion. The proportions of seller-led and broker-led transactions both increased by 2.2%p and 0.7%p to 25.7% and 5.2% respectively. However, buyer-led transaction showed a decrease by 2.8%p to 69.1% from 71.9% of the previous year. B2G The 2007 B2G e-Commerce volume of government bodies such as central administrative organizations, local governments, and offices of education accounted for KRW 36.801 trillion, which increased 6.9% from KRW 34.435 trillion in the previous year. Of this amount, the construction contract volume has increased 14.4% (KRW 2.166 trillion), and the leveraging volume of goods and services has increased 1.0% (KRW 200 billion) from 2006. B2C/C2C The B2C e-Commerce transaction in 2007 reached KRW 10.226 trillion after increasing 12.0% from 2006, and the C2C transaction increased 31.5% to KRW 5.318 trillion. The transaction volume through online shopping malls in 2007 has increased by 17.1% (KRW 2.306 trillion) from KRW 13.460 trillion in 2006 to KRW 15.766 trillion. Of this amount, B2C transaction takes the largest portion with 64.9% (KRW 10.226 trillion), 68 followed by C2C 31.9% (KRW 5.032 trillion) and B2B 3.2% (KRW 508 billion) (Informatization White Paper, 2008 33-35) Informatization White Paper (2008).2.5 KazakhstanThe current independent state of Kazakhstan declared in 1991.It has population of 15. 4 million people with a land mass of 2.7 million square kilometers. The GNI per capita was 1860 Euro in 2005, according to the World Bank. Kazakhstan is the constitutional republic with a President and bicameral legislature. The country consists of 14 provinces and 3 municipal dist ricts. (McNamee, 2006) According to independent research company ICT-Marketing (2010) held its annual check of internet audience in Kazakhstan. The results shown that for 2009 spell of internet users were 3.16 million people, or 19.8 % of population. Furthermore 80% of internet users are using ADSL connection.As it stated by ESCAP In 2000, there were jump Kazakhstan online shops. The online shops conduct the retail trade in consumer goods. Their quantity is increased with each month. Priority task is the connection of Kazakhstan to the international governance of e-trade. Through this system, it is possible to unit interests of the clients (consumers of the goods and services) and trade organizations of the various countries. Now there are following systems of information interaction between the subjects of economic activity Inter firm business-to-business, intercompany, consumer business-to-consumer, governmental government-to-citizens, ardent business-to-government, and a uction consumer-to-consumer. (Economic and Social Commission for Asia and the pacific, 2002)2.5.1 ICT Infrastructure The low Internet penetration rate is mainly due to the lack of competition and of modern equipment in the telecommunications sector. In order to continue the promising growth in terms of Internet access, the government has run a program for the development of the telecommunications sector in 2005. The program includes a phased liberalization of telecommunications market to achieve a competitive environment by allowing new operators to enter the market. In addition the telecommunications infrastructure is being renew by using state-of-the-art technologies such as fiber-optic cables. In implementing the program for development of the telecommunications sector, accessibility to the Internet will be improved curiously in remote areas. At the same time, increased bandwidth and affordable rates for Internet access will contribute to improve the quality and increasing the use of the Internet in the business sector as well as in private households.2.6 E-commerce in Kazakhstan2.6.1 Current situationKazakhstan, as the participant of global processes of development of e-commerce, aspires to occupy the appropriate place in this market. The country has favorable geographical location for transit of flows of materials, power, human and information between Europe and Asia. It is the basis for successful development of e-commerce in Kazakhstan. Another basis for development of e-commerce is desire to improve the informational telecommunication network. (Economic and social commission for Asia and the Pacific, 2002)Today in Kazakhstan, there is a sufficient quantity of the companies applying for a rank the supplier of the decisions of e-business. These companies offer various packages of the decisions for development of own business in online. (Economic and social commission for Asia and the Pacific, 2002)According to independent research company ICT-Marketin g (2010) held its annual study of internet audience in Kazakhstan. The results shown that for 2009 bod of internet users were 3, 16 million people, or 19, 8 % of population. Furthermore 80% of internet users are using ADSL connection.2.6.2 Existing issues in KazakhstanThe basic reasons of the slowed down rate of development of e-commerce in Kazakhstan are insufficient quantity of the participants of e-trade, absence of the laws, which congeal the relation to the participants of e-commerce, safety problem for the information, which is transferred through the Internet, insufficient protection of the rights of the consumers in the purchase of the goods and services in the Internet. (Electronic and Social Commission for Asia and the Pacific, 2002)In addition from 2003 year E-commerce Center has been worked on Kazakhstan market. The reason for creating the company was the government regulation of Republic of Kazakhstan of December 13, 2003 - 1262 About somewhat issues of Public Procur ement Agency of Republic of Kazakhstan, as a result Republican State Public Enterprise E-commerce Center of Financial Control and Public Procurement of Ministry of Finance of Republic of Kazakhstan was created. In 2007 E-commerce revolve about joined the National Scientific and Technological Holding Samgau as a subsidiary company and was reorganized into Ltd E-commerce Center. Nowadays, successful business is looking for new ways of development, and to attract customers and partners worldwide. Internet and commerce have become an integral part of each other, creating the concept of e-commerce. The main activities Ltd. E-Commerce Center are Development, implementation and support of package and information systems in public procurement Maintenance of the information system of electronic public procurement Training of staff of organizations participants in the process of public procurement, including training in the system of electronic public procurement Organizing seminars, conf erences in the field of public procurement Participate in the development of ratified and regulatory mannikin for electronic public procurement Technical and system services for computer and communications equipment in the field of electronic public procurement Research in the field of electronic commerce. (E-commerce center, 2010) Source (http//www.ecc.kz/).2.6.3 How the market of Kazakhstan is ready to move to e-commerce?The market of Kazakhstan is ready to move to electronic commerce. The state, creating electronic trading platforms and commodity exchanges, in particular, stimulates the development of trade, creating a meeting place for the subjects of trading activity without having to special requirements. The main objective the conclusion of an increasing number of sales transactions. In doing so, the legal regulation on trading floors and commodity exchanges, carried out the internal rules and regulations outside the state financial control and oversight. The establishment in the past year, a entrance of electronic public procurement www.goszakup.kz, helped make the first step the transition of Kazakhstan to the electronic trading and commerce at the state level. To provide opportunities for all lack to make commercial transactions in electronic form, essential first establish an adequate world class development and effective in our countrys laws. scratch steps in this direction have already been taken. However, to date there are still problems associated with not resolving the legislation in the field of electronic digital sig disposition, the problem of the introduction of electronic money and the lack of literacy in information technology. Should be established and effective infrastructure for transactions and contracts in electronic form. And from a practical point of view, a crucial component of the infrastructure of e-procurement systems or electronic trading today is a public procurement portal. We must also remember that the development o f electronic commerce to further exacerbating the problem of privacy, as well as the use info comm. technology has greatly facilitated the free collection of personal data and their synthesis of a variety of sources available in electronic networks. E-commerce, including public procurement, operating information, which is commonly called private nature of information. And this is a very fine place in a legal provision where the availability of standards to ensure the fundamental rights and freedoms of citizens, is the full general atmosphere of joint trust and respect, and, ultimately, the success or failure of development of the entire e-commerce. It should be noted that the concept of public procurement is not smooth and fast. Nevertheless, a number of recently issued regulations on electronic commerce and government procurement systems show a high degree of interest on the part of the state and society to the problem. Conduct of electronic procurement is considered one of the basic public services and is one indicator of progress towards the electronic state. To date, Kazakhstan set up e-government portal. Continues to develop electronic public procurement portal, are becoming more and more use of electronic shops. In any future purchases from government procurement, and ending with the usual purchase of goods and services to citizens, it will be possible to implement in electronic form (www.profit.kz).In Table.6 shown about ICT infrastructure in Republic of Korea and Kazakhstan, which was reviewed before.ICT InfrastructureKoreaKazakhstanInternet Usage 37,475,800 Internet users, 77.3% of the populationInternet 12.2million subscribers, 77% of total Households. Access is spreading quicklyDoubled their exports of telecommunication equipment between 2000- 2003A penetration rate of 65.7%In 2003 the Republic of Korea had 26.7 million PcsHigh percentages of Internet access by enterprises (94%)Largest proportions of online purchases, of businesses with Internet (45.5%)Enterprises use an intranet (35.2%)Mobile phones 36.58 million, 76% of populationInnovativeness in products and services in South Korea (18th) Internet Usage 3,160,000 Internet Users, 19.8% of the population Internet penetration rate 8.5% E-Readiness (3.2- 2007 out of 10) 80% of Internet access using ADSL with connection animate starting from 128 to 1024 Kbps High mobile phone penetration growth between 2003 and 2004 Internet access prizes starts fromMegaline Start- 1930 Tenge (13$ USD per month, speed 256-1024 Kbps)Megaline Turbo Plus- 5 845 Tenge (40 $ USD per month, speed 1GB-8GB Kbps)Table.6ICT infrastructure in Republic of Korea and Kazakhstan2.7 Different lesson of assessing e-commerce2.7.1 DeLone and McLean exampleDeLone and McLean Model of Information System victor (1992), IS Success (2003), Measuring e-commerce Success (2004)In order to provide a general and comprehensive definition of IS success that covers different perspectives of evaluating information s ystems, DeLone and McLean reviewed the existing definitions of IS success and their corresponding measures, and classified them into six major categories. Therefore, they created a multidimensional measuring model with interdependencies between the different success categories DeLone and McLean (1992). Motivated by DeLone and McLeans call for further development and validation of their model, many researchers have attempted to extend or re-specify the sea captain model. Ten years after the publication of their first model and based on the evaluation of the many contributions to it, DeLone and McLean (2004) proposed an updated IS Success model.The updated model consists of six interrelated dimensions of IS Success information, system and service quality, (intention to) use, user satisfaction, and net benefits. The arrows demonstrate proposed associations between the success dimensions. (Jang, 2010)The IS Success Model of DeLone and McLean (1992) provided a common framework to evalua te IS effectiveness/success in information system research. Between 1993 and mid 1999, the IS Success Model of DeLone and McLean was cited by 144 refereed journal articles and 15 papers from the International Conference on Information Systems (ICIS). (Saha, 2008).DeLone and McLean (1992), prompted to develop a more integrated view of the concepts of success. This resulted in the IS Success Model (Figure.2), which is described as a taxonomy of IS success measures with a number of inter-relationships that are drawn together in a model of six major dimensions or categories of IS Success DeLone and McLeans IS Success Model (1992) have 6 domains, system quality, information quality, use, user satisfaction, individual impact, organization impact, so in Table.3 summary of measured items for the DeLone and McLean Model.An interpretation of the model is as follows System caliber and Information Quality singularly and jointly affect both Use and User Satisfaction. Additionally, the amount o f Use can affect the degree of User Satisfaction. Use and User Satisfaction are direct ante decent of Individual come to, and this Impact on individual performance should eventually have some organization impact. (DeLone and McLean, 1992) The Updated DeLone and McLean information system success model(Figure.3) can be adapted to the measurement challenges of the new e-commerce world. (Saha, 2008) This model is based on the updated DeLone and Mclean (2003) original success model. Important modifications to the initial model included The quality construct of IS Success was extended to include Service Quality. The construct Systems Use was found to be multi-dimensional, e.g., mandatory versus voluntary use. As a result, Intention to Use was added to the model, to differentiate between Systems Use as a behavior as opposed to Intention to Use as an attitude. The constructs of Individual Impact and Organizational Impact were collapsed into a single dimension named winnings Benefits. DeLo ne and McLean (2003). In addition to the improvements described above, the authors also suggest that the updated model provides a parsimonious framework to organize the various success metrics identified in the IS and e-commerce literature DeLone and McLean (2003) Source Measuring E-commerce success Applying the DeLone and McLean Information Systems Success Model, 2004 DeLone and Mclean Information Systems Success Model can be used to the measurement challenges of the new e-commerce world. The updated model (Figure.5) consists of six interrelated dimensions of information systems success System quality, Information quality, Service quality, Use, User satisfaction, Net Benefits.The six dimensions of the DeLone and McLean IS Success Model can be applied to the e-commerce environment as follows1. System Quality, in the Internet environment, measures the desired characteristics of an e-commerce system. Usability, availability, reliability, adaptability, and response time (e.g., transfe r time) are examples of qualities that are valued by users of an e-commerce system.2. Information Quality captures the e-commerce content issue. network content should be personalized, complete, relevant, easy to understand, and secure if prospective buyers or suppliers are to initiate transactions via the Internet and return to a site on a regular basis.3. Service Quality, the overall support delivered by the service provider, applies heedless of whether the support is delivered by the IS Department or a new organizational unit or is outsourced to an Internet service provider. This dimension is more important in an e-commerce environment than ever before, because the users are now customers rather than employees, and therefore, poor user support will translate into lost customers and lost sales.4. Usage, measures everything from a visit to Web site and navigation within the site to information retrieval and execution of a transaction5. User Satisfaction is an important means of me asuring customers opinions of an e-commerce system and should cover the entire customer experience cycle from information retrieval through purchase, payment, receipt, and service.6. Net Benefits, are the most important measures, because they capture the balance of the positivist and negative impacts of e-commerce on customers, suppliers, employees, organizations, markets, industries, economies, and even society as a whole. (DeLone and McLean, 2004)Finally, e-commerce studies should include net benefits measures and not be content to collect only surrogate measures, such as Web Site hits (i.e., use). Such benefits can be measured on at least four levels individual, group, organizational, and industry. These measures become most useful, however, when fitted into an overall structure or framework a framework like the one provided by the DeLone and McLean Information Systems Success Models. (DeLone and McLean,2004) Source Measuring E-commerce success Applying the DeLone and McLean In formation Systems Success Model, 20042.7.2 clear-sighted behind using DeLone and McLean Success E-commerce ModelOne of the objectives of this research paper is to identify the success factors of e-commerce. A review of articles on e-commerce and electronic data interchange (EDI) in recent academic and trade journals (1992-2002) yielded many suggested measures of e-commerce success. IS and marketing journals were included in the search for e-commerce success metrics. Most of the articles were conceptual in nature, but some were empirical and, therefore, attempted to operationalize e-commerce success metrics. (DeLone and McLean, 2004)2.7.3 Current research of other researchersAs one of the objectives of this research is to assess and investigate the enhancement factors of Kazakhstan e-commerce, this combination make the study unique, as previous research in this field just provide a quick look with no depth focus on the Kazakhstan E-commerce. There were some studies exploring the wea kness and strength of the Kazakhstan E-commerce, and other studies independently investigate the critical factors in E-commerce best practices, however no one tried to measure using E-commerce Success model. Moreover some of the research paper using statistical analysis, according to Griffith (2007) statistical analysis is like a sewer. What you get out of it largely depends on what you put into it. There are a few researches about the measurement of e-commerce success.2.7.3.1 Chang Liu, Kirk P. Arnett Model of E-commerce Web site success, 2000Websites are being widely deployed commercially. As the widespread use and dependency on Web technology increases, so does the need to access factors associated with the Website success. The objective is to explore these factors in the context of electronic commerce (EC). (Liu, 2000) Webmasters from Fortune 1000 companies were used as the target group for a survey. Four factors that are critical to Website success in EC were identified

Characters in Great Expectations, by Charles Dickens Essay -- Great Exp

Characters in Great Expectations by Charles DickensDickens has numerous ways of devising his characters both striking andmemorable, he uses the dialogue and blends it with the setting andsocial background as illustrated by torn by briars who limped.Dickens is rattling descriptive this also helps making the characterreal.Dickens creates a creepy fancy when we are told about the graveyard inwhich we meet Magwitch as shown by as if he were eluding the hands ofdead people. He uses the graveyard and the gibbet in the distance tohelp create this mood which adds to the uptight atmosphere. The tone ofthis extract is dramatic and intimidating Dickens achieves this byusing short, but descriptive sentences. Dickens makes us feel sorryfor Magwitch because of the way he speaks, wittles and pecoolierare examples of this. As Magwitch talks to Pip, we, as the readernotice that Magwitch talks to Pip as a child and uses language thatwould only scare a child you little devil, or Ill cut yourthroa t.When pip meets female child Havisham, Dickens makes it seem like it is a nice,rich room, however we in short find out it is a dull, lifeless room thathasnt seen light in years . Dickens uses long, descriptivesentences here to introduce the setting and mood of the room. Dickensslowly gives us information bit by bit so we build a picture of whatis going on. He slowly reveals that flatten Havisham has been jilted atthe alter.Wemmicks home reflects his personality in the way that he likes to besecure and safe. Wemmick is one of the most memorable of Dickensscharacters, as he is slightly out of the ordinary and has his own wayof doing things. Wemmick keeps his get going and his home life veryseparate, this is... ...rrible places to be theycarried lots of diseases and were extremely unhygienic. Miss Havishamis from an upper class background. She is very wealthy, howeverremains unmarried. Marriage for women in those days was more importantthan it is today because it used to be the m en making all the moneywhile the women looked after the house however Miss Havisham hasplenty of money so her problem is that she is lonely. Wemmick is inthe working class and plant life in the prison as a clerk, the conditionsof prisons in those days was very bad, which may be the reason why hekeeps his home life and work life completely separate.Dickens achieves making his characters both striking and memorable bydescribing them in heavy detail, but not making it boring by havingtoo much. In my opinion Wemmick is the most memorable character as Icould imagine him being real.

Analysis of Shakespeares The Tempest - The True Villain :: Shakespeare The Tempest

 The True Villain of The Tempest    On June 2, 1609, five atomic number 6 colonists set out in nine ships from Plymouth in association with the imperial Virginia Company. It was the aim of this expedition to fortify John Smiths colony in Virginia. While eighterer from Decatur of the partys vessels securely arrived at Jamestown, the flagship, called the Sea Adventure , was conspicuously absent. This ship --which carried the fleets most valuable cargo, the admiral Sir John Somers and the future governor of Virginia Sir George Somers --was separated from the other eight during a fierce combat off the coast of Bermuda, the legendary Isle of Devils, dreaded by superstitious sixteenth-century sailors. William Strachey describes the tempest which precipitated the ships wracke in a letter go out July 15, 1610 a dreadfull storme and hideous began to blow from out the North-east, which swelling, and roaring as it were by fits, some houres with more violence than others, at length did beate all light from promised land which like an hell of darkenesse turned blacke upon us, so much the more fuller of horror. The Sea Adventure was rebuilt on the island, which was not as menacing as the storm itself, and nearly a year later the ship rejoined the fleet in Virginia. By many, this was deemed a miracle.Some believe it was this shipwreck that prompted Shakespeare to write this political, yet fishy play which involves usurpation, mockery, love, reconciliation and forgiveness.It all starts with Prospero, the rightful Duke of Milan, being banished by his brother, Antonio, who illegally usurps the throne. Basically, the first thing Antonio does in scene I is curse the boatswain Hang, cur, hang, you whoreson, meretricious noisemaker, we are less afraid to be drowned than thou art. This already suggests that Antonio is not the nicest of dukes. He is a very authoritative man, he need not do anything, he lets people do it for him. As the ship splits, he still cur ses the boatswain and does not get involved with the desperate attempts of the mariners to steady the ship.When they find themselves set-apart on the remote island, all except Antonio and Sebastian see that which is good around them, Gonzalo remarks how their clothes are surprisingly clean. Antonio and Sebastian mock Gonzalo and the others for seeing good where they only sees corruption and corruption. Their cynicism clearly show they do not agree, they mock them with witty word-play

La Grotte Cosquer :: Pre-Historic Art Essays

La Grotte Cosquer Not too long ago Henri Cosquer was swimming, 110 ft. infra sea level, through a long, narrow, and treacherous entry passage, the warm Mediterranean waters closing in all around him. The darkness was so midst he could almost feel it. Finally, after what seemed an eternity, Henri pulled himself out of the murky waters and onto the rough, dry floor of what seemed to be a large hollow out. After his eyes focussed and his breathing had settled back to its normal rhythm, Cosquer beheld a sight not seen by human eyes in over 12,000 years an unmolested, unspoiled cavern last occupied by the mysterious Cro-Magnons who painted the spectacular designs on the soft st wholeness walls of what would later be known as La Grotte Cosquer. Cosquer cave was first discovered in 1985. Professional deep-sea diver Henri Cosquer discovered the 175-meter tunnel below Cabo Morgiou near Marseilles, France (The Cosquer Cave). It was not until 1991, when Cosque r returned to the grotto, that he noticed a single hand print silhouette that lead to the discovery of several dozen prehistoric paintings and engravings (Grotto Cosquer). As soon as the cave was report to authorities at the French Ministry of Culture, Jean Clottes and Jean Courtin were sent to oversee the research of this incredible find. Jean Clottes currently serves as General Conservator of the study Heritage and Advisor on Prehistoric Art to the French Ministry of Culture and the French Community. Jeans Courtin was previously in charge of antiquities in the Provence region of France and Co-Director of Research for the guinea pig Center for Scientific Research (The Cave Beneath the Sea). Under Clottes and Courtin many facts about the origin of these paintings have been uncovered. Apparently the creators of these prehistoric works of nontextual matter used a pallet of colors consisting of hematite or ochre for the red mineral pigment, and manganese di oxide for the charcoal black pigment. Only about one third of the total artwork in Cosquer is done using paint the others are engravings done in the caves soft limestone walls (Grotto Cosquer).

surfing :: essays research papers

Surfing is the sport of riding a surfboard toward the shore on the crest of a wave. It is an amazing sport to learn and it gives the rider a hell of an adrenaline rush There are three major phases of surfing paddling, push up and the standing position. This report get out give you a full understanding of the correct techniques to use while surfing and it also describes the basic structure and puzzle egress of the muscular-skeletal and cardio-respiratory systems of the human body. It will also describe the many assorted energy systems and how they change when surfing. Getting StartedBefore catching the massive waves its a costly idea to practise getting used to surfing on the white wash. The white wash is where the waves break and it is the easiest wave to catch. Strap your leg rope (or leash) to your ankle, and traveling bag the slack so you dont trip as you enter the water. The first phase in surfing is paddling. To start off you will indigence to learn how to successfully c atch a wave. Its a good idea to watch other surfers get into the water, and observe the route they use to boat paddle out. To paddle, you first lie on your surfboard to do this body weight needs to be positioned along the centre of the board. Your feet need to be raised or so off the end of the board. Your body needs to be far enough back to keep the nose of the board about a couple of inches out of the water. If you are too far forward on the board you will notice that the nose of the board keeps dipping underwater making it very difficult to paddle. It will take time to find the most comfortable position.Try to be balanced on the board and paddle at almost the speed of the introduction wave. Raise your head when you paddle with arms bent at the elbow approximately ninety degrees. Reach out with one arm at a time, cupping your hands to make a scoop, stroking your way through the water. You dont have to dig your arms too deep. Keep the execution of your arms nice and smooth, pul ling the board through the water and finish your paddle by flicking your wrist as your arms moves past your hip. Pictures (Above and right) The position of different surfers while paddling

Microfluidic Systems :: essays research papers

Microfluidic SystemsThe ready market availability of porous membranes with cylindrical cogitates of 15-200 nm and a thickness of 6-10 m facilitates the development of three dimensional analytical unit operation devices on an attaLiter scale. By employing these membranes as gates at the interface of deuce crossed microfluidic channels, the rate and direction of the fluid exchange can be controlled with electrical potential, polarity, solution bonce strength or diameter of the nanocapillary1. The microfluidic channels, fabricated by soft lithography, have been used for a decade. Dr. Paul W. Bohn, Centennial Professor of Chemical Sciences at the University of Illinois at Urbana-Champaign, sees the advance to multilayered liquid chromatography as a observe step in the development of micro total analysis systems (TAS), which would involve such new applications as injection, collection, mixing, switching and detection. Recently he has been studying the analyte responses to unhomogeneo us constraints applied to the system and its deviations in behavior from that of a similar system on the macro scale. Microfluidic channels are a convenient and durable government agency of fluid transport made of poly(dimethylsiloxane) (PDMS), a common polymer with non-polar side groups. PDMS is durable, highly flexible and elastic, oxygen permeable and very hydrophobic2. It also has negative surface inject density at pH 81. The method of soft lithography allows for rapid deposition of complex crossed two dimensional fluid pathways on a atomic number 14 wafer.The membrane containing these nanopores is a 6 10 micron thick polycarbonate nuclear track-etched membrane (PCTE) that has been coated with poly(vinylpyrrolidone) (PVP) to make it hydrophilic. This coating results in a pH of 8 in the system3. The pores in the membrane are cylindrical and of diameters in the range of 15 200 nm. The size of these pores are of the same order of magnitude of the Debye length (-1) of the ionic interactions in solution (1 nm -1 50 nm) when the ionic strength is in the millimmolar range1. The small physical character of the nanopore allows for a change in ionic strength of the solution to be sufficient to alter the interaction between the solution and the nanopore. By merely changing the concentration, the nature of the flow induced by electrical potential can be switched between electrophoresis and electro osmosis1. The direction of the flow can be controlled by the size of the nanopore. At large pore sizes, the negative surface charge density on the microfluidic channel caused by the slightly basic pH of the system